ReviewExperimental eye research2013
The choroid as a sclera growth regulator.
Review in Experimental eye research, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 217 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biological mechanisms of atropine in myopia control (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy of Repeated Low-Level Red Light (RLRL) therapy on myopia outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Pooled it
- Dynamic changes in ocular shape during human development and its implications for retina fovea formation.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2024Pooled it
- Choroidal Thickness and Its Association With Age, Axial Length, and Refractive Error in Chinese Adults.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Pooled it
- Genome-wide association meta-analysis highlights light-induced signaling as a driver for refractive error.Nature genetics · 2018Pooled it
- Two-year changes of macular choroidal thickness in response to 0.01% atropine eye drops: Results from the myopia outcome study of atropine in children (MOSAIC) clinical trial.Acta ophthalmologica · 2025Trial
- Effect of spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets on choroidal thickness in myopic children: a 2-year randomised clinical trial.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2023Trial
- Choroidal Thickness Profiles in Myopic Eyes of Young Adults in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial Cohort.American journal of ophthalmology · 2015Trial
- Vortex Vein Morphology and Choroidal Thickness as Predictors of Refractive Status: Model Construction and Mediation Analysis.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Associations Between Choroidal Structural Parameters and Cone Photoreceptors in Young High Myopia.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Anatomical and Transcriptional Alterations in the Mouse Choroid Induced by All-Trans Retinoic Acid.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Aqueous Humour Cytokines as Predictors of Axial Elongation in High Myopia: A 2-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study.Clinical & experimental ophthalmology · 2026Observational
- Binocular Vision Anomalies: An Update on Prevalence, Impact, Technological and Treatment Developments and Current Challenges.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Review
- Real-Life Orthokeratology for Myopia Control in Hungarian Children: A Five-Year Study of Axial Length Changes.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Identification of COL4A2 as a Biomarker of Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Vascular Scaffold in Choroid for Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Quantitative analysis of choroidal and retinal thickness and blood flow in a rat model of lens-induced myopia using OCTA.PloS one · 2026Article
- Exploration of correlated factors of axial length changes after repeated low-level red-light irradiation in the real world.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Choroidal Thickness Distribution and Its Association With Axial Length and Spherical Equivalent in Schoolchildren Assessed by Wide-Field Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Article
- The Effect of Repeated Low-Level Red Light Versus 0.01% Atropine Treatment on Axial Length and Choroidal Parameters in Children with Myopia.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2025Article
- Changes in choriocapillaris blood flow density and associated factors affecting axial elongation in Chinese children and adolescents with mild to moderate myopia: a cross-sectional study.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Emmetropization is a vision dependent mechanism that attempts to minimize refractive error through coordinated growth of the cornea, lens and sclera such that the axial length matches the focal length of the eye. It is generally accepted that this visually guided eye growth is controlled via a cascade of locally generated chemical events that are initiated in the retina and ultimately cause changes in scleral extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling which lead to changes in eye size and refraction. Of much interest, therefore, are the molecular mechanisms that underpin emmetropization and visually guided ocular growth. The choroid, a highly vascularized layer located between the retina and the sclera is uniquely situated to relay retina-derived signals to the sclera to effect changes in ECM synthesis and ocular size. Studies initiated by Josh Wallman clearly demonstrate that the choroid plays an active role in emmetropization, both by modulation of its thickness to adjust the retina to the focal plane of the eye (choroidal accommodation), and well as through the release of growth factors that have the potential to regulate scleral extracellular matrix remodeling. His discoveries prompted numerous investigations on the molecular composition of the choroid and changes in gene expression associated with visually guided ocular growth. This article will review molecular and functional studies of the choroid to provide support for the hypothesis that the choroid is a source of sclera growth regulators that effect changes in ocular growth in response to visual stimuli.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.