ArticlePloS one2013
Increased production of IL-4 and IL-12p40 from bronchoalveolar lavage cells are biomarkers of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the sputum.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between human genomes and mycobacterial genomes contributes to severity and transmissibility of pulmonary tuberculosis.iScience · 2026Article
- Host Serum Biomarker Signatures in Mycobacteriologically Cured Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients with Persistent Lung Inflammation on 18F-FDG PET/CT.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- MGL/CLEC10A is an important C-type lectin receptor activated in the innate immune response toFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- IL-4-Responsive B Cells Are Detrimental During Chronic Tuberculosis Infection in Mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Prokaryotic Expression, In Vitro Biological Analysis, and In Silico Structural Evaluation of Guinea Pig IL-4.Molecular biotechnology · 2020Article
- Review
- Mycobacterial Dormancy Systems and Host Responses in Tuberculosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- Article
- Antibodies and tuberculosis.Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2016Review
- Gene expression and TB pathogenesis in rhesus macaques: TR4, CD40, CD40L, FAS (CD95), and TNF are host genetic markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells that are associated with severity of TB lesions.Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases · 2015Article
- Metabolomic Profiling of Plasma from Patients with Tuberculosis by Use of Untargeted Mass Spectrometry Reveals Novel Biomarkers for Diagnosis.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2015Article
- Filarial infection modulates the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis through expansion of CD4+ IL-4 memory T cells.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2015Article
- Article
- CD4(+) CD25(high) forkhead box protein 3(+) regulatory T lymphocytes suppress interferon-γ and CD107 expression in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from tuberculous pleural effusions.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2014Article
- Genetic contribution of CISH promoter polymorphisms to susceptibility to tuberculosis in Chinese children.PloS one · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTuberculosis (TB) causes 1.45 million deaths annually world wide, the majority of which occur in the developing world. Active TB disease represents immune failure to control latent infection from airborne spread. Acid-fast bacillus (AFB) seen on sputum smear is a biomarker for contagiousness.
methodsWe enrolled 73 tuberculosis patients with extensive infiltrates into a research study using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to sample lung immune cells and assay BAL cell cytokine production. All patients had sputum culture demonstrating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 59/73 (81%) had AFB identified by microscopy of the sputum. Compared with smear negative patients, smear positive patients at presentation had a higher proportion with smoking history, a higher proportion with temperature >38.5(0) C, higher BAL cells/ml, lower percent lymphocytes in BAL, higher IL-4 and IL-12p40 in BAL cell supernatants. There was no correlation between AFB smear and other BAL or serum cytokines. Increasing IL-4 was associated with BAL PMN and negatively associated with BAL lymphocytes. Each 10-fold increase in BAL IL-4 and IL-12p40 increased the odds of AFB smear positivity by 7.4 and 2.2-fold, respectively, in a multi-variable logistic model.
conclusionIncreasing IL-4 and IL-12p40 production by BAL cells are biomarkers for AFB in sputum of patients who present with radiographically advanced TB. They likely reflect less effective immune control of pathways for controlling TB, leading to patients with increased infectiousness.
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