ArticlePloS one2013
High prevalence, genetic diversity and intracellular growth ability of Legionella in hot spring environments.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- MixedInfectious disease reports · 2026Article
- Investigation of aMicroorganisms · 2022Article
- Legionella pneumophila Risk from Cooling Tower Systems in China.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2022Article
- Potential Association of Legionnaires' Disease with Hot Spring Water, Hot Springs National Park and Hot Springs, Arkansas, USA, 2018-2019.Emerging infectious diseases · 2022Review
- Phylogenetic Analysis and Antimicrobial Profiles of Cultured Emerging Opportunistic Pathogens (Phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria) Identified in Hot Springs.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2017Article
- High Prevalence and Genetic Polymorphisms of Legionella in Natural and Man-Made Aquatic Environments in Wenzhou, China.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2017Article
- Outbreak of Legionnaire's Disease Caused by Legionella pneumophila Serogroups 1 and 13.Emerging infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Combined use of real-time PCR and nested sequence-based typing in survey of human Legionella infection.Epidemiology and infection · 2016Article
- Prevalence and Molecular Characteristics of Waterborne Pathogen Legionella in Industrial Cooling Tower Environments.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2015Article
- A comparative study of McFarland turbidity standards and the Densimat photometer to determine bacterial cell density.Current microbiology · 2015Article
- Short-Term and Long-Term Survival and Virulence of Legionella pneumophila in the Defined Freshwater Medium Fraquil.PloS one · 2015Article
- Current and emerging Legionella diagnostics for laboratory and outbreak investigations.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2015Review
- Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroups 5 and 10, China.Emerging infectious diseases · 2014Article
- Distribution of sequence-based types of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strains isolated from cooling towers, hot springs, and potable water systems in China.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2014Article
- A new oligonucleotide microarray for detection of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Legionella spp.PloS one · 2014Article
- Development of a DNA microarray method for detection and identification of all 15 distinct O-antigen forms of Legionella pneumophila.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2013Article
- Induction of rapid cell death by an environmental isolate of Legionella pneumophila in mouse macrophages.Infection and immunity · 2013Article
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10 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLegionella is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, and hot springs are a major source of outbreaks of this disease. It is important from a public health perspective to survey hot spring environments for the presence of Legionella.
methodsProspective surveillance of the extent of Legionella pollution was conducted at three hot spring recreational areas in Beijing, China in 2011. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and sequence-based typing (SBT) were used to describe the genetic polymorphism of isolates. The intracellular growth ability of the isolates was determined by interacting with J774 cells and plating the dilutions onto BCYE agar plates.
resultsOverall, 51.9% of spring water samples showed Legionella-positive, and their concentrations ranged from 1 CFU/liter to 2,218 CFU/liter. The positive rates of Legionella were significantly associated with a free chlorine concentration of ≥0.2 mg/L, urea concentration of ≥0.05 mg/L, total microbial counts of ≥400 CFU/ml and total coliform of ≥3 MPN/L (p<0.01). The Legionella concentrations were significantly associated with sample temperature, pH, total microbial counts and total coliform (p<0.01). Legionella pneumophila was the most frequently isolated species (98.9%), and the isolated serogroups included serogroups 3 (25.3%), 6 (23.4%), 5 (19.2%), 1 (18.5%), 2 (10.2%), 8 (0.4%), 10 (0.8%), 9 (1.9%) and 12 (0.4%). Two hundred and twenty-eight isolates were analyzed by PFGE and 62 different patterns were obtained. Fifty-seven L. pneumophila isolates were selected for SBT analysis and divided into 35 different sequence types with 5 main clonal groups. All the 57 isolates had high intracellular growth ability.
conclusionsOur results demonstrated high prevalence and genetic polymorphism of Legionella in springs in Beijing, China, and the SBT and intracellular growth assay results suggested that the Legionella isolates of hot spring environments were pathogenic. Improved control and prevention strategies are urgently needed.
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