ArticleClinical & experimental metastasis2013
Characterization of small spheres derived from various solid tumor cell lines: are they suitable targets for T cells?
Article in Clinical & experimental metastasis, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cancer Stem Cells Connecting to Immunotherapy: Key Insights, Challenges, and Potential Treatment Opportunities.Cancers · 2025Review
- Cancer stem cells and niches: challenges in immunotherapy resistance.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Enabling continuous immune cell recirculation on a microfluidic array to study immunotherapeutic interactions in a recapitulated tumour microenvironment.Lab on a chip · 2024Article
- Review
- Engineered in vitro tumor models for cell-based immunotherapy.Acta biomaterialia · 2021Review
- Immune evasion by cancer stem cells.Regenerative therapy · 2021Review
- Review
- Biomedical Applications of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Spheroids.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Review
- Immunotherapy for targeting cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma.Theranostics · 2021Review
- Review
- The Cross Talk between Cancer Stem Cells/Cancer Initiating Cells and Tumor Microenvironment: The Missing Piece of the Puzzle for the Efficient Targeting of these Cells with Immunotherapy.Cancer microenvironment : official journal of the International Cancer Microenvironment Society · 2019Article
- Cancer stem cells: Regulation programs, immunological properties and immunotherapy.Seminars in cancer biology · 2018Review
- Proton NMR characterization of intact primary and metastatic melanoma cells in 2D & 3D cultures.Biological research · 2017Article
- Microfluidic models for adoptive cell-mediated cancer immunotherapies.Drug discovery today · 2016Review
- Anti-gastric cancer activity in three-dimensional tumor spheroids of bufadienolides.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- Targeting head and neck tumoral stem cells: From biological aspects to therapeutic perspectives.World journal of stem cells · 2016Review
- Tumorsphere as an effective in vitro platform for screening anti-cancer stem cell drugs.Oncotarget · 2016Review
- Immune responses to human cancer stem-like cells/cancer-initiating cells.Cancer science · 2016Review
- Identification of Gastric Cancer Biomarkers Using 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry.PloS one · 2016Article
- Protein kinase C-δ inactivation inhibits the proliferation and survival of cancer stem cells in culture and in vivo.BMC cancer · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
T cell based immunotherapy has been investigated in a variety of malignancies and analyses have been mostly founded on in vitro data with tumor cell monolayers. However, three-dimensional (3D) culture models might mimic more closely the 'in vivo' conditions than 2D monolayers. Therefore, we analyzed the expression of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) and of molecules involved in antigen processing and presentation (APM) in tumor spheres, which served as an in vitro model for micrometastasis which might be enriched in tumor propagating cancer stem cells. For enrichment of sphere cells 12 human solid tumor cell lines were cultured in serum-free medium. Expression of a variety of TAA and APM were analyzed by RT-PCR and/or flow cytometry and compared to expression in corresponding adherent bulk cells grown in regular growth medium. Compared to adherent cells, spheres showed equal or higher mRNA expression levels of LMP2, LMP7 and MECL-1, of TAP1 and TAP2 transporters and, surprisingly, also of TAA including differentiation antigens. However, downregulation or loss of HLA-I and HLA-II molecules in spheres was observed in 8 of 10 and 1 of 2 cell lines, respectively, and was unresponsive to stimulation with IFN-γ. Although tumor spheres express TAA and molecules of intracellular antigen processing, they are defective in antigen presentation due to downregulation of HLA surface expression which may lead to immune evasion.
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