ArticleBMJ open2013
Changing patterns of social inequalities in anaemia among women in India: cross-sectional study using nationally representative data.
Article in BMJ open, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Do disempowered bodies risk anaemia? Evidence from married women in Assam's Sixth Schedule areas of Northeast India.Global health action · 2026Article
- Wealth-based inequality in underweight among Scheduled Tribe women in India: a regional analysis.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Unveiling the hidden story of anemia among Indian Muslim women: a comprehensive analysis from 1998 to 2021.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Burden and causes of anemia in Vietnam: insights from the global burden of disease data.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Hotspot analysis of anaemia among pregnant women in Ethiopia: hotspot analysis of national demographic and health survey data.BMJ open · 2024Article
- The Hidden Hunger among Nepalese Non-Pregnant Women Aged 15-49 Years: The Role of Individual, Household, and Community-Level Factors.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Spatial distribution and determinant factors of anemia among women age 15-49 years in Burkina Faso; using mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression model.Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Prevalence and determinants of anaemia among women of reproductive age in Aspirational Districts of India: an analysis of NFHS 4 and NFHS 5 data.BMC public health · 2024Article
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- Marginalised social groups differentials in nutritional status (BMI) among reproductive-aged women in West Bengal.BMC public health · 2023Article
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- Trends in prevalence and determinants of severe and moderate anaemia among women of reproductive age during the last 15 years in India.PloS one · 2023Review
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- Anaemia in Indians aged 10-19 years: Prevalence, burden and associated factors at national and regional levels.Maternal & child nutrition · 2022Article
- Identifying risk factors in explaining women's anaemia in limited resource areas: evidence from West Bengal of India and Bangladesh.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Population attributable fraction estimates for factors associated with different types of anaemia among women in Ethiopia: multilevel multinomial analysis.Public health nutrition · 2021Article
- Factors affecting anaemia among women of reproductive age in Nepal: a multilevel and spatial analysis.BMJ open · 2021Article
- Assessment of nutritional anemia on the basis of dietary pattern estimation among the population of Garhwal Himalayan region.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2021Article
- Prevalence and correlates of anemia among women in the reproductive age (15-49 years) in a rural area of Tamil Nadu: An exploratory study.Journal of education and health promotion · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo examine the patterns of social inequalities in anaemia over time among women of reproductive age in India.
designRepeated cross-sectional study using nationally representative data from the 1998/1999 and 2005/2006 National Family Health Surveys of India. Multivariate modified Poisson regression models were used to assess trends and social inequalities in anaemia.
settingIndia. POPULATION: 164 600 ever-married women aged 15-49 years (n=79 197 in 1998/1999 and n=85 403 in 2005/2006) from 25 Indian states.
main outcome measureAnaemia status defined by haemoglobin level (<12 g/dl in non-pregnant women, haemoglobin<11 g/dl for pregnant women).
resultsOver the 7-year period, anaemia prevalence increased significantly from 51.3% (95% CI 50.6% to 52%) to 56.1% (95% CI 55.4% to 56.8%) among Indian women. This corresponded to a 1.11-fold increase in anaemia prevalence (95% CI 1.09 to 1.13) after adjustment for age and parity, and 1.08-fold increase (95% CI 1.06 to 1.10) after further adjustment for wealth, education and caste. There was marked state variation in anaemia prevalence; in only 4 of the 25 states did anaemia prevalence significantly decline. In both periods, anaemia was socially patterned, being positively associated with lower wealth status, lower education and belonging to scheduled tribes and scheduled castes. In this context of overall increasing anaemia prevalence, adjusted relative and absolute socioeconomic inequalities in anaemia by wealth, education and caste have narrowed significantly over time.
conclusionsThe significant increase in anaemia among India's women during this recent period is a matter of concern, and in contrast to secular improvements in other markers of women's health and nutritional status. While socioeconomic inequalities in anaemia persist, the relative and absolute inequalities in anaemia have decreased over time. Future research should explore the causes for these changing patterns, and inform the policy and programmatic response to address anaemia and its inequalities in this vulnerable population.
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