ArticleJournal of biomedical optics2013
Nonlinear optical collagen cross-linking and mechanical stiffening: a possible photodynamic therapeutic approach to treating corneal ectasia.
Article in Journal of biomedical optics, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nanomaterial-Enhanced Corneal Cross-Linking: Engineering Strategies for Transforming Keratoconus Management.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Reactive oxygen species accelerated glycation for oxygen-independent corneal cross-linking.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Synergistic Effects of Non-Ionizing Radiation in the Targeted Modification of Living Tissues.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Assessing UVA and Laser-Induced Crosslinking via Brillouin Microscopy.Journal of biophotonics · 2025Article
- Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Effectiveness of collagen cross-linking induced by two-photon absorption properties of a femtosecond laser inBiomedical optics express · 2022Article
- Nonlinear optical crosslinking (NLO CXL) for correcting refractive errors.Experimental eye research · 2020Review
- Nonlinear Optical Corneal Crosslinking, Mechanical Stiffening, and Corneal Flattening Using Amplified Femtosecond Pulses.Translational vision science & technology · 2019Article
- Custom built nonlinear optical crosslinking (NLO CXL) device capable of producing mechanical stiffening in ex vivo rabbit corneas.Biomedical optics express · 2017Article
- Nonlinear optical corneal collagen crosslinking of ex vivo rabbit eyes.Journal of cataract and refractive surgery · 2016Article
- Selective two-photon collagen crosslinkingOptica · 2016Article
- Potential Effects of Corneal Cross-Linking upon the Limbus.BioMed research internationalReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In this study we test the hypothesis that nonlinear optical (NLO) multiphoton photoactivation of riboflavin using a focused femtosecond (FS) laser light can be used to induce cross-linking (CXL) and mechanically stiffen collagen as a potential clinical therapy for the treatment of keratoconus and corneal ectasia. Riboflavin-soaked, compressed collagen hydrogels are cross-linked using a FS laser tuned to 760 nm and set to either 100 mW (NLO CXL I) or 150 mW (NLO CXL II) of laser power. FS pulses are focused into the hydrogel using a 0.75 NA objective lens, and the hydrogel is three-dimensionally scanned. Measurement of hydrogel stiffness by indentation testing show that the calculated elastic modulus (E) values are significantly increased over twofold following NLO CXL I and II compared with baseline values (P<0.05). Additionally, no significant differences are detected between NLO CXL and single photon, UVA CXL (P>0.05). This data suggests that NLO CXL has a comparable effect to conventional UVA CXL in mechanically stiffening collagen and may provide a safe and effective approach to localize CXL at different regions and depths within the cornea.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.