ReviewPaediatric drugs2013
Proton pump inhibitors in pediatrics : mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenetics, and pharmacodynamics.
Review in Paediatric drugs, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05861687 (Comparative Recurrence Rate Investigation of Esomeprazole Versus Lansoprazole in Triple-Combination Therapy to Eradicate Helicobacter Pylori Infection Among Pediatrics), which is not on this map. Cited by 86 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Comparative Recurrence Rate Investigation of Esomeprazole Versus Lansoprazole in Triple-Combination Therapy to Eradicate Helicobacter Pylori Infection Among Pediatrics: Multicentre, Randomized, and Controlled Trials
Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 191 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and Safety of Tegoprazan-Amoxicillin Dual Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Eradication: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis With Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Pooled it
- Treatment effects and safety of Chinese herbal medicine in gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and a network meta-analysis with component analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Risk of stroke associated with proton pump inhibitor use among individuals with and without pre-existing cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of cardiothoracic surgery · 2025Pooled it
- Association and Mechanisms of Proton Pump Inhibitors Use with Type-2Diabetes Mellitus Incidence in Adults: A Systemic Review andMeta-Analysis.Current diabetes reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Guidelines on optimizing the use of proton pump inhibitors: PPI stewardship.Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology · 2023Guideline
- Pharmacological treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux in children.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Will Proton Pump Inhibitors Increase the Risk of Diabetes Mellitus? A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis.The Turkish journal of gastroenterology : the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology · 2022Pooled it
- Use of acid-suppressive drugs and risk of fracture in children and young adults: a meta-analysis of observational studies.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Effects of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms on the cure rates ofFrontiers in pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Proton pump inhibitor for non-erosive reflux disease: a meta-analysis.World journal of gastroenterology · 2013Pooled it
- Rectal Omeprazole in Infants With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Randomized Pilot Trial.European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics · 2020Trial
- Novel Implementation of Genotype-Guided Proton Pump Inhibitor Medication Therapy in Children: A Pilot, Randomized, Multisite Pragmatic Trial.Clinical and translational science · 2019Trial
- Developmental pharmacogenetics of CYP2C19 in neonates and young infants: omeprazole as a probe drug.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2018Trial
- Obese Children Require Lower Doses of Pantoprazole Than Nonobese Peers to Achieve Equal Systemic Drug Exposures.The Journal of pediatrics · 2018Trial
- Development and Use of a Population Pharmacokinetic Model for Characterizing the Pharmacokinetics of Vonoprazan in Pediatric Patients.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2026Article
- Development of a Taste-Masked, Dose-Flexible, Multiparticulate Pediatric Dosage Form: Case Study of Crizotinib, a Challenging Pediatric Formulation.Pharmaceutical medicine · 2026Article
- Balancing therapeutic benefits and hidden risks of proton pump inhibitors in pediatric practice: a narrative review and update.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2026Article
- Developmental age and clinical illness driveFrontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Medication-Related Impacts on Pediatric Bone Health.Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America · 2025Review
- Mechanism of Banxia Houpo Decoction in Treating Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: An Integrated Approach of Compound Analysis, Network Pharmacology and Empirical Verification.Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2025Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have become some of the most frequently prescribed medications for treatment of adults and children. Their effectiveness for treatment of peptic conditions in the pediatric population, including gastric ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and Helicobacter pylori infections has been established for children older than 1 year. Studies of the preverbal population of neonates and infants have identified doses that inhibit acid production, but the effectiveness of PPIs in the treatment of GERD has not been established except for the recent approval of esomeprazole treatment of erosive esophagitis in infants. Reasons that have been proposed for this are complex, ranging from GERD not occurring in this population to a lack of histologic identification of esophagitis related to GERD to questions about the validity of symptom scoring systems to identify esophagitis when it occurs in infants. The effectiveness of PPIs relates to their structures, which must undergo acidic activation within the parietal cell to allow the PPI to be ionized and form covalent disulfide bonds with cysteines of the H(+)-K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase (H(+)-K(+)-ATPase). Once the PPI binds to the proton pump, the pump is inactivated. Some PPIs, such as omeprazole and rabeprazole bind to cysteines that are exposed, and their binding can be reversed. After irreversible chemical inhibition of the proton pump, such as occurs with pantoprazole, the recovery of the protein of the pump has a half-life of around 50 h. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 and to a lesser degree CYP3A4 clear the PPIs metabolically. These enzymes are immature at birth and reach adult levels of activity by 5-6 months after birth. This parallels studies of the maturation of CYP2C19 to adult levels by roughly the same age after birth. Specific single nucleotide polymorphisms of CYP2C19 reduce clearance proportionally and increase exposure and prolong proton pump inhibition. Prolonged treatment of pediatric patients with PPIs has not caused cancer or significant abnormalities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.