ArticlePloS one2013
Effect sizes for 2×2 contingency tables.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
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- A meta-analysis of birth-origin effects on reproduction in diverse captive environments.Nature communications · 2018Pooled it
- The effects of ellagic acid in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) patients: a randomized, add-on, double-blind, controlled trial.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Trial
- Memory support strategies and bundles: A pathway to improving cognitive therapy for depression?Journal of consulting and clinical psychology · 2017Trial
- Relative age effects and implications for sport performance in elite Chinese junior male basketball players.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Optimizing Scanning in Youth Female Football: The Role of Verbal Instructions.European journal of sport science · 2025Article
- Material hardship and sources of support for autistic adolescents and their families.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2025Article
- Utilizing an Intersectional Approach to Examine Experiences of Hunger Among Adolescents During COVID-19: Considering Race/Ethnicity, Sexual Identity, and Employment Disparities in a Nationally Representative Sample.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Relative Age Effect Among World-Class Jump Athletes.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2025Article
- The relative age effect in Brazilian national basketball teams over time.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- Does darkness increase the risk of certain types of crime? A registered report article.PloS one · 2025Article
- Relative Age Effect Analysis in the History of the Ballon d'Or (1956-2023).Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Psychosocial risk and protective factors for youth problem behavior are associated with food addiction in the Generation Z.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- The relative age effect and its influence on athletic performance in Chinese junior female' tennis players.PloS one · 2024Article
- Article
- Concussion Exposure and Suicidal Ideation, Planning, and Attempts Among US High School Students.Journal of athletic training · 2023Article
- A simulation study on missing data imputation for dichotomous variables using statistical and machine learning methods.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Relative age effect and performance in elite youth male basketball.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The relative age effect among Chinese junior men's tennis players and its impact on sports performance.PloS one · 2023Article
- Why age categories in youth sport should be eliminated: Insights from performance development of youth female long jumpers.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sample size calculations are an important part of research to balance the use of resources and to avoid undue harm to participants. Effect sizes are an integral part of these calculations and meaningful values are often unknown to the researcher. General recommendations for effect sizes have been proposed for several commonly used statistical procedures. For the analysis of 2×2 tables, recommendations have been given for the correlation coefficient φ for binary data; however, it is well known that φ suffers from poor statistical properties. The odds ratio is not problematic, although recommendations based on objective reasoning do not exist. This paper proposes odds ratio recommendations that are anchored to φ for fixed marginal probabilities. It will further be demonstrated that the marginal assumptions can be relaxed resulting in more general results.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.