ArticlePloS one2013
The role of Pitx2 in maintaining the phenotype of myogenic precursor cells in the extraocular muscles.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Emerging roles of microRNAs and other non-coding transcriptome in muscular dystrophies.Inflammation and regeneration · 2026Review
- Effects of fibroblast growth factor 2 on muscle precursor cells from mouse limb and extraocular muscle.PloS one · 2026Article
- Engineered Extraocular Muscle with Decellularized Tissue and Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers: Design, Properties, andACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2025Article
- Interplay between Pitx2 and Pax7 temporally governs specification of extraocular muscle stem cells.PLoS genetics · 2024Article
- Extreme Tolerance of Extraocular Muscles to Diseases and Aging: Why and How?International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Nystagmus Associated With the Absence of MYOD Expression Across the Lifespan in Extraocular and Limb Muscles.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Biomedical applications of three-dimensional bioprinted craniofacial tissue engineering.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2023Review
- All for One and One for All: Regenerating Skeletal Muscle.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology · 2022Review
- The Emergence of Embryonic Myosin Heavy Chain during Branchiomeric Muscle Development.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Development of Nystagmus With the Absence of MYOD Expression in the Extraocular Muscles.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Article
- Mass Spectrometric Profiling of Extraocular Muscle and Proteomic Adaptations in theLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Eye alignment changes caused by sustained GDNF treatment of an extraocular muscle in infant non-human primates.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Generation of craniofacial myogenic progenitor cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells for skeletal muscle tissue regeneration.Biomaterials · 2020Article
- Article
- The ancient sarcomeric myosins found in specialized muscles.Skeletal muscle · 2019Review
- PITX2 Enhances the Regenerative Potential of Dystrophic Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells.Stem cell reports · 2018Article
- Changing muscle function with sustained glial derived neurotrophic factor treatment of rabbit extraocular muscle.PloS one · 2018Article
- Effects of retinoic acid signaling on extraocular muscle myogenic precursor cells in vitro.Experimental cell research · 2017Article
- Extraocular Muscle Repair and Regeneration.Current ophthalmology reports · 2017Article
- Pitx2 in Embryonic and Adult Myogenesis.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Many differences exist between extraocular muscles (EOM) and non-cranial skeletal muscles. One striking difference is the sparing of EOM in various muscular dystrophies compared to non-cranial skeletal muscles. EOM undergo continuous myonuclear remodeling in normal, uninjured adults, and distinct transcription factors are required for the early determination, development, and maintenance of EOM compared to limb skeletal muscle. Pitx2, a bicoid-like homeobox transcription factor, is required for the development of EOM and the maintenance of characteristic properties of the adult EOM phenotype, but is not required for the development of limb muscle. We hypothesize that these unique properties of EOM contribute to the constitutive differences between EOM and non-craniofacial skeletal muscles. Using flow cytometry, CD34(+)/Sca1(-/)CD45(-/)CD31(-) cells (EECD34 cells) were isolated from extraocular and limb skeletal muscle and in vitro, EOM EECD34 cells proliferated faster than limb muscle EECD34 cells. To further define these myogenic precursor cells from EOM and limb skeletal muscle, they were analyzed for their expression of Pitx2. Western blotting and immunohistochemical data demonstrated that EOM express higher levels of Pitx2 than limb muscle, and 80% of the EECD34 cells expressed Pitx2. siRNA knockdown of Pitx2 expression in EECD34 cells in vitro decreased proliferation rates and impaired the ability of EECD34 cells to fuse into multinucleated myotubes. High levels of Pitx2 were retained in dystrophic and aging mouse EOM and the EOM EECD34 cells compared to limb muscle. The differential expression of Pitx2 between EOM and limb skeletal muscle along with the functional changes in response to lower levels of Pitx2 expression in the myogenic precursor cells suggest a role for Pitx2 in the maintenance of constitutive differences between EOM and limb skeletal muscle that may contribute to the sparing of EOM in muscular dystrophies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.