ArticleHealth and quality of life outcomes2013
Assessing the overuse of antibiotics in children in Saudi Arabia: validation of the Parental Perception on Antibiotics Scale (PAPA scale).
Article in Health and quality of life outcomes, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- The effectiveness of raising Hong Kong parents' awareness of antimicrobial resistance through an education program with peer support on social media: a randomized, controlled pilot study.BMC public health · 2022Trial
- Parental Awareness Towards Antibiotic Use for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children.Cureus · 2025Article
- Parental perception of antibiotic use in children at home: a cross-sectional study.Revista brasileira de enfermagem · 2025Article
- Knowledge of Antibiotic Use and Resistance Among Medical Students in Saudi Arabia.Advances in medical education and practice · 2024Article
- "I don't hesitate to use the left-over antibiotics for my child" practices and experiences with antibiotic use among caregivers of paediatric patients at Zomba central hospital in Malawi.BMC pediatrics · 2022Article
- Digital Marketing: A Unique Multidisciplinary Approach towards the Elimination of Viral Hepatitis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Understanding parental self-medication with antibiotics among parents of different nationalities: a cross-sectional study.Global health research and policy · 2021Article
- Antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention interventions targeting healthcare-associatedBMJ open · 2021Article
- Factors Related to Antibiotic Supply without a Prescription for Common Infections: A Cross-Sectional National Survey in Sri Lanka.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Parents' self-directed practices towards the use of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.BMC pediatrics · 2019Article
- Parents awareness toward antibiotics use in upper respiratory tract infection in children in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2019Article
- Evidence of factors influencing self-medication with antibiotics in LMICs: a systematic scoping review protocol.Systematic reviews · 2018Article
- Studying the knowledge, attitude and practice of antibiotic misuse among Alexandria population.European journal of hospital pharmacy : science and practice · 2017Article
- Identification of Parents' Perceptions of Antibiotic Use for Individualized Community Education.Global pediatric health · 2016Article
- A validated measure of adherence to antibiotic prophylaxis in children with sickle cell disease.Patient preference and adherence · 2016Article
- Perceptions of medical students towards antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections in Saudi Arabia.BMJ open respiratory research · 2015Article
- Assessing the construct validity and reliability of the Parental Perception on Antibiotics (PAPA) scales.BMC public health · 2014Article
- Epidemiology of multi-drug resistant organisms in a teaching hospital in oman: a one-year hospital-based study.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2014Article
- Public knowledge, attitudes, and experience regarding the use of antibiotics in Italy.PloS one · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAntibiotics overuse is a global public health issue influenced by several factors, of which some are parent-related psychosocial factors that can only be measured using valid and reliable psychosocial measurement instruments. The PAPA scale was developed to measure these factors and the content validity of this instrument was assessed.
aimThis study further validated the recently developed instrument in terms of (1) face validity and (2) construct validity including: deciding the number and nature of factors, and item selection.
methodsQuestionnaires were self-administered to parents of children between the ages of 0 and 12 years old. Parents were conveniently recruited from schools' parental meetings in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Face validity was assessed with regards to questionnaire clarity and unambiguity. Construct validity and item selection processes were conducted using Exploratory factor analysis.
resultsParallel analysis and Exploratory factor analysis using principal axis factoring produced six factors in the developed instrument: knowledge and beliefs, behaviours, sources of information, adherence, awareness about antibiotics resistance, and parents' perception regarding doctors' prescribing behaviours. Reliability was assessed (Cronbach's alpha = 0.78) which demonstrates the instrument as being reliable.
conclusionThe 'factors' produced in this study coincide with the constructs contextually identified in the development phase of other instruments used to study antibiotic use. However, no other study considering perceptions of antibiotic use had gone beyond content validation of such instruments. This study is the first to constructively validate the factors underlying perceptions regarding antibiotic use in any population and in parents in particular.
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