ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2013
Insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2 (IGF1, IGF2) expression in human microglia: differential regulation by inflammatory mediators.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 130 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
130 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 225 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- FPR1 drives sepsis-associated cognitive impairment through region-specific transcriptional and splicing dysregulation in the brain.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Article
- Microglial-Derived IGF-1 Serves as a Regulator for Neuroimmune Homeostasis During Viral-Induced Demyelination.Viruses · 2026Article
- A Modular Bioinstructive Platform Reveals Mechanistic Insights into Additive-Free, Topography-Driven Osteogenesis.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Molecular signaling pathways shaping astrocyte-microglia crosstalk in health and disease.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Microglial TIA1-mediated stress granules promote neuroinflammation and aggravate neuron loss in mice after ischemic stroke by inhibiting IGF2 signaling.Theranostics · 2026Article
- Insulin‑like growth factor 2 in spermatogenesis dysfunction (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2025Review
- Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Modified by Angiopep-2 Peptide Promote Targeted Repair of Spinal Cord Injury and Brain Inflammation.ACS nano · 2025Article
- (Re)building the nervous system: A review of neuron-glia interactions from development to disease.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Review
- Microglia-Astrocyte Crosstalk in Post-Stroke Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies.Current neuropharmacology · 2025Review
- Diversity of Microglia-Derived Molecules with Neurotrophic Properties That Support Neurons in the Central Nervous System and Other Tissues.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Neurotoxic Microglial Activation via IFNγ-Induced Nrf2 Reduction Exacerbating Alzheimer's Disease.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Mast Cells in Autism Spectrum Disorder-The Enigma to Be Solved?International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Identification of IGF-1 Effects on White Adipose Tissue and Hippocampus in Alzheimer's Disease Mice via Transcriptomic and Cellular Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The Impact of Microglia on Neurodevelopment and Brain Function in Autism.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Role of microglia in diabetic neuropathic pain.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Review
- The ins and outs of microglial cells in brain health and disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Plasma IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 levels are decreased during acute manic episodes in bipolar disorder patients.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Review
- Microglia and Multiple Sclerosis.Advances in neurobiology · 2024Review
70 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRecent studies in experimental animals show that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) plays a trophic role during development and tissue injury and that microglia are important sources of IGF1. However, little information is available regarding the expression, regulation, and function of IGF1 and related proteins in human brain cells. In the current study, we examined the expression of IGF1 and IGF2 in human microglia in vivo and in vitro.
methodsExpression of IGF1 and IGF2 was examined by immunohistochemistry in post-mortem human brain sections derived from HIV+ and HIV- brains. In primary cultures of human fetal microglia, IGF1 and IGF2 mRNA and protein expression was examined by Q-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot analysis. Additionally, the role of IGF1 and IGF2 in neuroprotection was examined in primary human neuronal glial cultures.
resultsImmunohistochemistry of human brain tissues showed that nonparenchymal cells (vessels and meninges), as well as parenchymal microglia and macrophages were positive for IGF1, in both HIV encephalitis and control brains, while IGF2 was undetectable. Cultured microglia expressed IGF1 mRNA and produced pg/ml levels of IGF1 protein; this was significantly suppressed by proinflammatory mediators, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), poly(I:C), and IFNγ. The Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 had no significant effect, but the cAMP analog (dibutyryl cAMP) significantly increased IGF1 production. In contrast, microglial IGF2 mRNA and protein (determined by Western blot) were upregulated by LPS. IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) immunoreactivity was predominantly expressed by neurons, and both IGF1 and IGF2 significantly protected neurons from cytokine (IL-1/IFNγ) induced death.
conclusionsOur study in human brain tissues and cells indicates that microglia are important sources of neurotrophic growth factors IGF1 and IGF2, and that microglial activation phenotypes can influence the growth factor expression. Importantly, our results suggest that chronic neuroinflammation and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines could lead to neurodegeneration by suppressing the production of microglia-derived neuronal growth factors, such as IGF1.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.