ReviewCancer science2013
The link between infection and cancer: tumor vasculature, free radicals, and drug delivery to tumors via the EPR effect.
Review in Cancer science, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 158 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- PET Imaging Using 89Zr-Labeled StarPEG Nanocarriers Reveals Heterogeneous Enhanced Permeability and Retention in Prostate Cancer.Molecular cancer therapeutics · 2025Article
- Engineered probiotic E.coli Nissle 1917 for release PTEN to improve the tumor microenvironment and suppress tumor growth.Biotechnology letters · 2024Article
- A Supramolecular Antibiotic Targeting Drug-ResistantACS applied materials & interfaces · 2024Article
- Targeted nanoparticles for imaging and therapy of endometriosis†.Biology of reproduction · 2024Review
- Targeted Radium Alpha Therapy in the Era of Nanomedicine: In Vivo Results.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Fluorescence-guided colorectal surgery: applications, clinical results, and protocols.Annals of surgical treatment and research · 2023Review
- Peptide-Based Agents for Cancer Treatment: Current Applications and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Recent development of surface-enhanced Raman scattering for biosensing.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2023Review
- Garlicnin B1, an Active Cyclic Sulfide from Garlic, Exhibits Potent Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Tumor Activities.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Review
- Liposomes and liposome-like nanoparticles: From anti-fungal infection to the COVID-19 pandemic treatment.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2022Review
- Treatment with Polyethylene Glycol-Conjugated Fungal D-Amino Acid Oxidase Reduces Lung Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Chronic Granulomatous Disease.Inflammation · 2022Article
- Thinking about Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect (EPR).Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- Structure‒tissue exposure/selectivity relationship (STR) correlates with clinical efficacy/safety.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2022Article
- Multi-Modal Imaging Monitored M2 Macrophage Targeting Sono-Responsive Nanoparticles to Combat MRSA Deep Infections.International journal of nanomedicine · 2022Article
- IR780 Based Sonotherapeutic Nanoparticles to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections.Frontiers in chemistry · 2022Article
- Metal-organic framework combined with CaONanoscale advances · 2021Article
- The Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) Effect: The Significance of the Concept and Methods to Enhance Its Application.Journal of personalized medicine · 2021Review
- Substituent Effect in the Cation Radicals of Monosubstituted Benzenes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This review focuses primarily on my own research, including pathogenic mechanisms of microbial infection, vascular permeability in infection and tumors, and effects of nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anion radical (O₂⁻), and 8-nitroguanosine in the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect for the tumor-selective delivery of macromolecular agents (nanomedicines). Infection-induced vascular permeability is mediated by activation of the kinin-generating protease cascade (kallikrein-kinin) triggered by exogenous microbial proteases. A similar mechanism operates in cancer tissues and in carcinomatosis of the pleural and peritoneal cavities. Infection also stimulates O₂⁻ generation via activation of xanthine oxidase while generating NO by inducing NO synthase. These chemicals function in mutation and carcinogenesis and promote inflammation, in which peroxynitrite (a product of O₂⁻ and NO) activates MMP, damages DNA and RNA, and regenerates 8-nitroguanosine and 8-oxoguanosine. We showed vascular permeability by using macromolecular drugs, which are not simply extravasated through the vascular wall into the tumor interstitium but remain there for prolonged periods. We thus discovered the EPR effect, which led to the rational development of tumor-selective delivery of polymer conjugates, micellar and liposomal drugs, and genes. Our styrene-maleic acid copolymer conjugated with neocarzinostatin was the first agent of its kind used to treat hepatoma. The EPR effect occurs not only because of defective vascular architecture but also through the generation of various vascular mediators such as kinin, NO, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Although most solid tumors, including human tumors, show the EPR effect, heterogeneity of tumor tissue may impede drug delivery. This review describes the barriers and countermeasures for improved drug delivery to tumors by using nanomedicines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.