ArticleJournal of human kinetics2012
Age- and sex-related differences in force-velocity characteristics of upper and lower limbs of competitive adolescent swimmers.
Article in Journal of human kinetics, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Meta-analyses in sport and exercise science: sometimes the right tool at the wrong time?Systematic reviews · 2026Article
- Are Dry-Land Force-Velocity Abilities Related to In-Water Load-Velocity Profiles in Sprint Swimming?European journal of sport science · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Bench Press Strength and Power: A Velocity-Based Analysis Adjusted for Body Composition.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2025Article
- Analysis of the fastest backstroke age group swimmers competing in the World Masters Championships 1986-2024.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The Effects of Eccentric Training on Undulatory Underwater Swimming Performance and Kinematics in Competitive Swimmers.Journal of human kinetics · 2024Article
- Road to Paris 2024: force-velocity profile in different speed climbers' abilities.Biology of sport · 2024Article
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Differences in Mean Propulsive Velocity between Men and Women in Different Exercises.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Are the Parameters of Novel Two-Point Force-Velocity Model Generalizable in Leg Muscles?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Pacing in World-Class Age Group Swimmers in 100 and 200 m Freestyle, Backstroke, Breaststroke, and Butterfly.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Sex Differences in Swimming Disciplines-Can Women Outperform Men in Swimming?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Review
- Is Test Standardization Important when Arm and Leg Muscle Mechanical Properties are Assessed through the Force-Velocity Relationship?Journal of human kinetics · 2019Article
- Changes in Jumping and Throwing Performances in Age-Group Athletes Competing in the European Masters Athletics Championships between 1978 and 2017.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Commentary: Do Thirty-Second Post-activation Potentiation Exercises Improve the 50-m Freestyle Sprint Performance in Adolescent Swimmers?Frontiers in physiology · 2019Article
- The relationship of wearing a wetsuit in long-distance open-water swimming with sex, age, calendar year, performance, and nationality - crossing the "Strait of Gibraltar".Open access journal of sports medicine · 2018Article
- Two-Load Method for Distinguishing Between Muscle Force, Velocity, and Power-Producing Capacities.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2016Article
- Force-velocity property of leg muscles in individuals of different level of physical fitness.Sports biomechanics · 2016Article
- Evaluation of force-velocity and power-velocity relationship of arm muscles.European journal of applied physiology · 2015Article
- Force-velocity relationship of leg extensors obtained from loaded and unloaded vertical jumps.European journal of applied physiology · 2014Article
- Sex difference in top performers from Ironman to double deca iron ultra-triathlon.Open access journal of sports medicine · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
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Abstract
While there is a direct relationship between maximal anaerobic power (Pmax) and swimming performance, the relationship between upper and lower limbs with regard to Pmax and force-velocity (F-v) characteristics is not clear. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of age and sex on the ratios of mechanical characteristics between upper and lower extremities of adolescent swimmers. Seventeen girls (aged 14.7±1.8 yr) (mean±standard deviation) and 28 boys (14.6±1.4 yr), all members of competitive swimming clubs, performed a F-v test for both legs and arms. In legs, boys had higher values of Pmax (t43=2.4, p<0.05), Pmax expressed in relative to body mass values (rPmax, t43=3.4, p<0.01) and v0 (t43=4.3, p<0.001), while no differences were found for F0 (t43=1.0, p=0.31) and v0/F0 (t43=0.55, p=0.59). In arms, boys had higher values of Pmax (t43=3.2, p<0.01), rPmax (t43=3.9, p<0.001) and v0 (t43=3.4, p<0.01), while no differences were found for F0 (t43=1.9, p=0.06) and v0/F0 (t43=0.16, p=0.87). However, no sex difference was found with regard to the ratios of Pmax (t43=1.9, p=0.06), F0 (t43=1.2, p=0.23) and v0 (t43=1.3, p=0.20) between upper and lower extremities. There was direct relationship between age and Pmax of legs (r=0.64, p<0.01 in girls; r=0.43, p<0.05 in boys) and arms (r=0.56, p<0.05; r=0.57, p<0.01 respectively), while there was not any significant association between age and the ratios of mechanical characteristics of upper and lower limbs. These findings emphasize the need for separate evaluation of arms' and legs' force-velocity characteristics on a regular basis and the consideration of these measures in training design.
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