ArticleJournal of human kinetics2012
The Effect of Depth on Drag During the Streamlined Glide: A Three-Dimensional CFD Analysis.
Article in Journal of human kinetics, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Kinetics, kinematics, and performance modeling of two arm swing techniques in the swimming kick-start.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Engineering Elite Swimming Start Performance: Key Kinetic and Kinematic Variables with Reference Values.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Using accelerometers for tracking loggerhead and green sea turtle behaviour.Animal biotelemetry · 2025Article
- Analysis of fluid force and flow fields during gliding in swimming using smoothed particle hydrodynamics method.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Technical Skills Influences on Front Crawl Tumble Turn Performance in Elite Female Swimmers.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2023Article
- Turn Performance Variation in European Elite Short-Course Swimmers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- A Study Comparing Gait and Lower Limb Muscle Activity During Aquatic Treadmill Running with Different Water Depth and Land Treadmill Running.Journal of human kinetics · 2022Article
- Competitive-Level Differences in Trunk and Foot Kinematics of Underwater Undulatory Swimming.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Different Undulatory Underwater Swimming Positions Based on Multi-Body Motion Numerical Simulation Method.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Backstroke to Breaststroke Turning Performance in Age-Group Swimmers: Hydrodynamic Characteristics and Pull-Out Strategy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- The Transition from Underwater to Surface Swimming During the Push-off Start in Competitive Swimmers.Journal of human kinetics · 2020Article
- Individual-Environment Interactions in Swimming: The Smallest Unit for Analysing the Emergence of Coordination Dynamics in Performance?Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2017Article
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of depth on drag during the streamlined glide in swimming using Computational Fluid Dynamics. The Computation Fluid Dynamic analysis consisted of using a three-dimensional mesh of cells that simulates the flow around the considered domain. We used the K-epsilon turbulent model implemented in the commercial code Fluent(®) and applied it to the flow around a three-dimensional model of an Olympic swimmer. The swimmer was modeled as if he were gliding underwater in a streamlined prone position, with hands overlapping, head between the extended arms, feet together and plantar flexed. Steady-state computational fluid dynamics analyses were performed using the Fluent(®) code and the drag coefficient and the drag force was calculated for velocities ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 m/s, in increments of 0.50m/s, which represents the velocity range used by club to elite level swimmers during the push-off and glide following a turn. The swimmer model middle line was placed at different water depths between 0 and 1.0 m underwater, in 0.25m increments. Hydrodynamic drag decreased with depth, although after 0.75m values remained almost constant. Water depth seems to have a positive effect on reducing hydrodynamic drag during the gliding. Although increasing depth position could contribute to decrease hydrodynamic drag, this reduction seems to be lower with depth, especially after 0.75 m depth, thus suggesting that possibly performing the underwater gliding more than 0.75 m depth could not be to the benefit of the swimmer.
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Registered trials
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