ArticlePharmaceutical research2013
Topically applied phospho-sulindac hydrogel is efficacious and safe in the treatment of experimental arthritis in rats.
Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phosphosulindac (OXT-328) restores the suppressed corneal sensitivity in rabbits with dry eye disease: therapeutic implications.Frontiers in drug delivery · 2026Article
- The Antiangiogenic Effect and Ocular Pharmacology of Novel Modified Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in the Treatment of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy.Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · 2023Article
- Phosphosulindac (OXT-328) prevents and reverses chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy in mice.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeFormulate phospho-sulindac (P-S, OXT-328) in a Pluronic hydrogel to be used as a topical anti-inflammatory agent and study its efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics in an arthritis model.
methodsLEW/crlBR rats with Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis were treated with P-S formulated in Pluronic hydrogel (PSH). We determined the clinical manifestations of arthritis including the locomotor activity of the rats; evaluated joints for inflammation, bone resorption, cartilage damage, COX-2 expression and NF-κB activation; assayed plasma IL-6 and IL-10 levels; and studied the pharmacokinetics of P-S in rats after topical or oral administration.
resultsPSH applied at the onset of arthritis or when arthritis was fully developed, suppressed it by 56-82%, improved the locomotor activity of the rats 2.1-4.4 fold, suppressed synovial inflammation, bone resorption, cartilage damage, NF-κB activation and COX-2 expression but not plasma IL-6 and IL-10 levels. There were no side effects. PSH produced rapidly high local levels of P-S with <14% of P-S reaching the circulation, while orally administered P-S was rapidly metabolized generating much lower joint levels of P-S.
conclusionsTopical application of PSH is efficacious and safe in the treatment of Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis; has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile; and likely acts by suppressing key pro-inflammatory signaling pathways.
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Registered trials
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