ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013
Disruption of the petal identity gene APETALA3-3 is highly correlated with loss of petals within the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae).
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
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53 citing papers in PubMed, 117 citations in OpenAlex.
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- DcMADS3, a MADS-Box Transcription Factor, Highly Expressed at the Middle Flower Bud Stage and Involved in Petalization Development in Carrot.Molecular biotechnology · 2026Article
- Convergence and parallelism in the evolution of plant metabolism.Journal of integrative plant biology · 2026Review
- Plant MITEs: miniature transposable elements with major impacts.Mobile DNA · 2025Review
- The developmental basis of floral nectary diversity and evolution.The New phytologist · 2025Review
- Expression variation of Viola APETALA3 orthologous genes is correlated with chasmogamous and cleistogamous flower development.BMC plant biology · 2025Article
- A single dominant GLOBOSA allele accounts for repeated origins of hose-in-hose flowers in Sinningia (Gesneriaceae).The Plant cell · 2024Article
- Genome-wide identification and expression pattern analysis of MIKC-Type MADS-box genes in Chionanthus retusus, an androdioecy plant.BMC genomics · 2024Article
- Transcriptomics analyses reveal the key genes involved in stamen petaloid formation in Alcea rosea L.BMC plant biology · 2024Article
- Roles of theHorticulture research · 2024Article
- A cornucopia of diversity-Ranunculales as a model lineage.Journal of experimental botany · 2024Review
- Seasonal variation of two floral patterns in Clematis 'Vyvyan Pennell' and its underlying mechanism.BMC plant biology · 2024Article
- Comparative case study of evolutionary insights and floral complexity in key early-diverging eudicot Ranunculales models.Frontiers in plant science · 2024Review
- Multiple mechanisms explain loss of anthocyanins from betalain-pigmented Caryophyllales, including repeated wholesale loss of a key anthocyanidin synthesis enzyme.The New phytologist · 2024Article
- Combined genome-wide association studies and expression quantitative trait locus analysis uncovers a genetic regulatory network of floral organ number in a tree peony (Horticulture research · 2023Article
- Diversification of ranunculaceous petals in shape supports a generalized model for plant lateral organ morphogenesis and evolution.Science advances · 2023Article
- The double flower variant of yellowhorn is due to a LINE1 transposon-mediated insertion.Plant physiology · 2023Article
- Flower Development in the Solanaceae.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2023Review
- Development and structure of four different stamens in Clematis macropetala (Ranunculaceae): particular emphasis on staminodes and staminal nectary.Protoplasma · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Absence of petals, or being apetalous, is usually one of the most important features that characterizes a group of flowering plants at high taxonomic ranks (i.e., family and above). The apetalous condition, however, appears to be the result of parallel or convergent evolution with unknown genetic causes. Here we show that within the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae), apetalous genera in at least seven different lineages were all derived from petalous ancestors, indicative of parallel petal losses. We also show that independent petal losses within this family were strongly associated with decreased or eliminated expression of a single floral organ identity gene, APETALA3-3 (AP3-3), apparently owing to species-specific molecular lesions. In an apetalous mutant of Nigella, insertion of a transposable element into the second intron has led to silencing of the gene and transformation of petals into sepals. In several naturally occurring apetalous genera, such as Thalictrum, Beesia, and Enemion, the gene has either been lost altogether or disrupted by deletions in coding or regulatory regions. In Clematis, a large genus in which petalous species evolved secondarily from apetalous ones, the gene exhibits hallmarks of a pseudogene. These results suggest that, as a petal identity gene, AP3-3 has been silenced or down-regulated by different mechanisms in different evolutionary lineages. This also suggests that petal identity did not evolve many times independently across the Ranunculaceae but was lost in numerous instances. The genetic mechanisms underlying the independent petal losses, however, may be complex, with disruption of AP3-3 being either cause or effect.
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