ArticleBMJ open2013
Protease inhibitors and cardiac autonomic function in HIV-infected patients: a cross-sectional analysis from the Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (SMART) Trial.
Article in BMJ open, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- A meta-analysis of HIV and heart rate variability in the era of antiretroviral therapy.Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society · 2016Pooled it
- Linear and non-linear analysis of heart rate variability in HIV-positive patients on two different antiretroviral therapy regimens.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Ultrasound measurements of carotid intima-media thickness and plaque in HIV-infected patients on the Mediterranean diet.Croatian medical journal · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo compare cardiac autonomic function as measured by heart rate variability for HIV-infected participants taking protease inhibitors (PIs) with those taking a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor without a PI (NNRTI-no PI) regimen.
designCross-sectional analysis.
settingMulticentre study.
participants2998 participants (average age 44 years, 28% females) enrolled in the Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (SMART) trial. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Heart rate and two heart rate variability measures (the SD of all filtered RR intervals over the length of the recording (SDNN) and the root mean square of successive differences in normal RR intervals (rMSSD)).
resultsAt study entry, 869 participants were taking a boosted PI (PI/r), 579 a non-boosted PI and 1550 an NNRTI-no PI. Median values (IQR) of heart rate, SDNN and rMSSD were: 68 (60-75) beats/min (bpm), 21 (13-33) ms, 22 (13-35) ms in the PI/r group, 68 (60-75) bpm, 21 (13-33) ms and 21 (14-33) ms in the non-boosted PI group and 69 (62-77) bpm, 20 (13-31) ms and 21(13-33) ms in the NNRTI-no PI group. After adjustment for baseline factors, for those given PI/r and non-boosted PI, heart rate was 2.2 and 2.8 bpm, respectively, lower than the NNRTI-no PI group (p<0.001 for both). On the other hand, compared with the NNRTI-no PI group, log SDNN and log rMSSD were significantly greater for those in the non-boosted PI (p values for baseline adjusted differences in log-transformed SDNN and rMSSD were 0.004 and 0.001) but not for those in the PI/r group at the 0.01 α-level.
conclusionsCompared to an NNRTI-no PI regimen, heart rate was lower for those taking a PI/r or non-boosted PI and heart rate variability was greater, reflecting better cardiac autonomic function, for those taking a non-boosted PI regimen but not PI/r.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.