Trial reportTobacco control2014
Testing messages to reduce smokers' openness to using novel smokeless tobacco products.
Trial report in Tobacco control, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Does Perceived Message Effectiveness Predict the Actual Effectiveness of Tobacco Education Messages? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Health communication · 2020Pooled it
- Systematic Review of Health Communication for Non-Cigarette Tobacco Products.Health communication · 2019Pooled it
- Effects of flavour and modified risk claims on nicotine pouch perceptions and use intentions among young adults who use inhalable nicotine and tobacco products: a randomised controlled trial.Tobacco control · 2025Trial
- The Impact of Smokeless Tobacco Risk Information on Smokers' Risk Perceptions and Use Intentions: A News Media Experiment.Health communication · 2019Trial
- Scaring the snus out of smokers: testing effects of fear, threat, and efficacy on smokers' acceptance of novel smokeless tobacco products.Health communication · 2014Trial
- Perceptions of Prevention and Cessation Ads among US Youth Who Use Multiple Tobacco Products: A Qualitative Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- The Impact of E-Cigarette Warnings, Warning Themes and Inclusion of Relative Harm Statements on Young Adults' E-Cigarette Perceptions and Use Intentions.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Can I Influence You? Development of a Scale to Measure Perceived Persuasiveness and Two Studies Showing the Use of the Scale.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2019Article
- Perceived Message Effectiveness Measures in Tobacco Education Campaigns: A Systematic Review.Communication methods and measures · 2018Article
- The Effect of Tobacco Control Policies on US Smokeless Tobacco Use: A Structured Review.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2017Review
- Evaluation of modified risk claim advertising formats for Camel Snus.Health education journal · 2017Article
- Public health benefits from pictorial health warnings on US cigarette packs: a SimSmoke simulation.Tobacco control · 2017Article
- Do Emotions Spark Interest in Alternative Tobacco Products?Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education · 2017Article
- Recall and Effectiveness of Messages Promoting Smoke-Free Policies in Rural Communities.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2016Article
- Nonsmokers' responses to new warning labels on smokeless tobacco and electronic cigarettes: an experimental study.BMC public health · 2014Article
- A longitudinal analysis of electronic cigarette use and smoking cessation.JAMA internal medicine · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionTobacco manufacturers' aggressive promotion of new smokeless tobacco products such as snus warrants a timely and effective public health response. This study tested potential countermarketing messages to discourage current and former smokers from becoming dual users of smokeless tobacco and cigarettes.
methodsIn a pretest-post-test experiment, 1836 adult current and recently former smokers from a national sample were randomised to view one of six antismokeless tobacco ads followed by a snus ad, to view a control ad followed by a snus ad; or to view two control ads. Perceived effectiveness of ads and actual changes in attitudes and openness to snus were compared across groups using analyses of variance.
resultsSome ads that were perceived as most effective did not change attitudes or openness to trying snus, and conversely, some ads not perceived as effective changed attitudes and openness to snus. Ads portraying the negative health effects of smokeless tobacco were perceived as most effective, but ads with antitobacco industry themes significantly decreased favourable attitudes toward snus. Responses to ads were different for smokers who had ever used smokeless tobacco: for this group health effects and humorous/testimonial ads were effective.
conclusionsMeasures of perceived effectiveness of antitobacco ads need to be augmented with measures of actual effectiveness to assess countermarketing messages. Some of the developed ads, such as ads with anti-industry themes, were effective for the overall population of smokers whereas humorous/testimonial and health effects ads were particularly effective in changing attitudes of past users of smokeless tobacco.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.