ArticlePloS one2013
Photodynamic and antibiotic therapy impair the pathogenesis of Enterococcus faecium in a whole animal insect model.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- A combination of photodynamic therapy and antimicrobial compounds to treat skin and mucosal infections: a systematic review.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2019Pooled it
- Dual-Photosensitizer Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (DaPDT) and Its Combination with Antibiotics: A New Investigation Modality AgainstPharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance: The Answers.British journal of biomedical science · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial photodynamic activity of a BODIPY on an alternative preclinical model Galleria mellonella.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2025Article
- Review
- The VirtuousAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- An Explorative Review on Advanced Approaches to Overcome Bacterial Resistance by Curbing Bacterial Biofilm Formation.Infection and drug resistance · 2023Review
- Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria-A Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Light-activated molecular machines are fast-acting broad-spectrum antibacterials that target the membrane.Science advances · 2022Article
- Assessing the pathogenicity of gut bacteria associated with tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura (Fab.).Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Mediated by Fotenticine and Methylene Blue on Planktonic Growth, Biofilms, and Burn Infections ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Emerging Risks in Food: Probiotic Enterococci Pose a Threat to Public Health through the Food Chain.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Article
- Galleria mellonella larvae exhibit a weight-dependent lethal median dose when infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.Pathogens and disease · 2021Article
- Effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli.Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy · 2020Article
- Article
- Pharmacokinetics of anti-infectious reagents in silkworms.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Emerging Strategies to Combat ESKAPE Pathogens in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Review
- Non-mammalian Hosts and Photobiomodulation: Do All Life-forms Respond to Light?Photochemistry and photobiology · 2019Review
- Antimicrobials Are a Photodynamic Inactivation Adjuvant for the Eradication of Extensively Drug-ResistantFrontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium has emerged as one of the most important pathogens in healthcare-associated infections worldwide due to its intrinsic and acquired resistance to many antibiotics, including vancomycin. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is an alternative therapeutic platform that is currently under investigation for the control and treatment of infections. PDT is based on the use of photoactive dye molecules, widely known as photosensitizer (PS). PS, upon irradiation with visible light, produces reactive oxygen species that can destroy lipids and proteins causing cell death. We employed Galleria mellonella (the greater wax moth) caterpillar fatally infected with E. faecium to develop an invertebrate host model system that can be used to study the antimicrobial PDT (alone or combined with antibiotics). In the establishment of infection by E. faecium in G. mellonella, we found that the G. mellonella death rate was dependent on the number of bacterial cells injected into the insect hemocoel and all E. faecium strains tested were capable of infecting and killing G. mellonella. Antibiotic treatment with ampicillin, gentamicin or the combination of ampicillin and gentamicin prolonged caterpillar survival infected by E. faecium (P = 0.0003, P = 0.0001 and P = 0.0001, respectively). In the study of antimicrobial PDT, we verified that methylene blue (MB) injected into the insect followed by whole body illumination prolonged the caterpillar survival (P = 0.0192). Interestingly, combination therapy of larvae infected with vancomycin-resistant E. faecium, with antimicrobial PDT followed by vancomycin, significantly prolonged the survival of the caterpillars when compared to either antimicrobial PDT (P = 0.0095) or vancomycin treatment alone (P = 0.0025), suggesting that the aPDT made the vancomycin resistant E. faecium strain more susceptible to vancomycin action. In summary, G. mellonella provides an invertebrate model host to study the antimicrobial PDT and to explore combinatorial aPDT-based treatments.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.