ArticleNature immunology2013
Intracellular antibody-bound pathogens stimulate immune signaling via the Fc receptor TRIM21.
Article in Nature immunology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 243 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
243 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 358 citations in OpenAlex.
- To TRIM the Immunity: From Innate to Adaptive Immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Pooled it
- Are Immune Modulating Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Necrotizing Enterocolitis?Scientific reports · 2015Trial
- XPO1-mediated TRIM21 nuclear export reprograms TREM2+ macrophage polarization by targeting IRF3 to augment anti-PD-1 efficacy in small cell lung cancer.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Structural and mechanistic insights into protective non-neutralizing antibodies targeting Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus nucleocapsid protein.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Redirecting TRIM21 with TRIMTACs for the targeted degradation of multimeric proteins.The FEBS journal · 2026Review
- Alternative splicing broadens antiviral diversity at the human OAS2 locus.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- TRIM21 induces selective autophagy of viruses and bacteria.Molecular cell · 2026Article
- Design principles for optogenetic-based targeted protein degradation.Synthetic and systems biotechnology · 2026Review
- TRIM21 facilitates inflammasome assembly and contributes to autoinflammatory disease.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of TRIM21-mediated RUNX2 degradation via chaperone-mediated autophagy in periodontitis.Cell biology and toxicology · 2026Article
- Pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ protects against renal fibrosis by promoting E3 ubiquitin ligase Trim21-mediated Loxl2 degradation in tubular epithelial cells.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligases: novel therapeutic opportunities in melanoma.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2026Review
- TRIM21 autoantibodies are associated with blood-brain barrier dysfunction in a subgroup of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2026Article
- Ubiquitination and autophagy in host-pathogen interactions: from immune surveillance to therapeutic targeting.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Cleavage-Resistant CYLD Protects Against Autoimmune Hepatitis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Parvimonas micra exacerbates periodontitis by infiltrating host cells through TmpC and circumventing lysosomal elimination via AppA.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Implications of virus-induced stress granules in tauopathies.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- TRIM proteins as emerging regulators of immune pathways: potential therapeutic targets in immune-related disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Targeted Degradation of Mouse Embryo Proteins Using Trim-Away.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- The host ubiquitination system dynamically regulates the inflammatory response of macrophages to bacteria.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
183 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
During pathogen infection, antibodies can be carried into the infected cell, where they are detected by the ubiquitously expressed cytosolic antibody receptor TRIM21. Here we found that recognition of intracellular antibodies by TRIM21 activated immune signaling. TRIM21 catalyzed the formation of Lys63 (K63)-linked ubiquitin chains and stimulated the transcription factor pathways of NF-κB, AP-1, IRF3, IRF5 and IRF7. Activation resulted in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, modulation of natural killer stress ligands and induction of an antiviral state. Intracellular antibody signaling was abrogated by genetic deletion of TRIM21 and was restored by ectopic expression of TRIM21. The sensing of antibodies by TRIM21 was stimulated after infection by DNA or RNA nonenveloped viruses or intracellular bacteria. Thus, the antibody-TRIM21 detection system provides potent, comprehensive activation of the innate immune system independently of known pattern-recognition receptors.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.