ArticleImmunity2013
The cytokines IL-21 and GM-CSF have opposing regulatory roles in the apoptosis of conventional dendritic cells.
Article in Immunity, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- IL-21-dependent Ly6CCell death discovery · 2025Article
- Design of a potent interleukin-21 mimic for cancer immunotherapy.Science immunology · 2025Article
- Dendritic cell targeting in lymph nodes with modular adapters boosts HAdV5 and HC-HAdV5 tumor vaccination by co-secretion of IL-2v and IL-21.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2025Article
- The effects of interleukin-21 in the biology of transplant rejection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The genetics of hyper IgE syndromes.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Repression of SMAD3 by STAT3 and c-Ski induces conventional dendritic cell differentiation.Life science alliance · 2024Article
- Genome-wide screening identifies Trim33 as an essential regulator of dendritic cell differentiation.Science immunology · 2024Article
- IL-17 and IL-21: Their Immunobiology and Therapeutic Potentials.Immune network · 2024Review
- Article
- Strategies to therapeutically modulate cytokine action.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2023Review
- TSLP shapes the pathogenic responses of memory CD4Science signaling · 2023Article
- Microbial energy metabolism fuels an intestinal macrophage niche in solitary isolated lymphoid tissues through purinergic signaling.Science immunology · 2023Article
- Synergism Between IL21 and Anti-PD-1 Combination Therapy is Underpinned by the Coordinated Reprogramming of the Immune Cellular Network in the Tumor Microenvironment.Cancer research communications · 2023Article
- Ablation of Cbl-b and c-Cbl in dendritic cells causes spontaneous liver cirrhosis via altering multiple properties of CD103Cell death discovery · 2022Article
- Dual RNA sequencing reveals dendritic cell reprogramming in response to typhoidal Salmonella invasion.Communications biology · 2022Article
- Tetramerization of STAT5 promotes autoimmune-mediated neuroinflammation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Optineurin modulates the maturation of dendritic cells to regulate autoimmunity through JAK2-STAT3 signaling.Nature communications · 2021Article
- The Half-Life-Extended IL21 can Be Combined With Multiple Checkpoint Inhibitors for Tumor Immunotherapy.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Article
- The Dynamic Interface of Viruses with STATs.Journal of virology · 2020Review
- Aggressive NK Cell Leukemia: Current State of the Art.Cancers · 2020Review
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) has broad actions on T and B cells, but its actions in innate immunity are poorly understood. Here we show that IL-21 induced apoptosis of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) via STAT3 and Bim, and this was inhibited by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). ChIP-Seq analysis revealed genome-wide binding competition between GM-CSF-induced STAT5 and IL-21-induced STAT3. Expression of IL-21 in vivo decreased cDC numbers, and this was prevented by GM-CSF. Moreover, repetitive α-galactosylceramide injection of mice induced IL-21 but decreased GM-CSF production by natural killer T (NKT) cells, correlating with decreased cDC numbers. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of wild-type CD4+ T cells caused more severe colitis with increased DCs and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing CD4+ T cells in Il21r(-/-)Rag2(-/-) mice (which lack T cells and have IL-21-unresponsive DCs) than in Rag2(-/-) mice. Thus, IL-21 and GM-CSF exhibit cross-regulatory actions on gene regulation and apoptosis, regulating cDC numbers and thereby the magnitude of the immune response.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.