ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2013
Macrophages in inflammatory multiple sclerosis lesions have an intermediate activation status.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 284 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
284 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 468 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of High Efficacy Multiple Sclerosis Disease Modifying Drugs on the Immune Synapse: A Systematic Review.Current pharmaceutical design · 2024Pooled it
- The Key Drivers of Brain Injury by Systemic Inflammatory Responses after Sepsis: Microglia and Neuroinflammation.Molecular neurobiology · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of Evobrutinib on Slowly Expanding Lesion Volume in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Phase 2 Trial.Neurology · 2024Trial
- Microglia-associated progression of multiple sclerosis: target identification and therapeutic engagement in human in vitro models.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Spatial characterisation of TREM2 expression in actively demyelinating multiple sclerosis lesions supports its key roles in lipid metabolic pathways.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2026Article
- A radiolabeled dendrimer non-invasively identifies and tracks innate immune cell activation in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- B cell-specific METTL3 depletion exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Article
- Lesion-specific features of macrophage polarization contribute toFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory potential of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in multiple sclerosis: a review of mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- TNF-α x FcαRI bi-specific antibody potentiates neutrophil-mediated anti-tumor effects.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Quantitative susceptibility mapping of paramagnetic rim lesions in early multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional study of brain age and disability.Neuroimage. Reports · 2025Article
- The immune receptor SLAMF5 regulates myeloid-cell mediated neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- New mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-based strategies for osteoarthritis treatment: targeting macrophage-mediated inflammation to restore joint homeostasis.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Review
- Article
- Drug Repurposing and Screening for Multiple Sclerosis Targeting Microglia and Macrophages.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Laminarin Alleviates Acute Lung Injury Induced by LPS Through Inhibition of M1 Macrophage Polarisation.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Characteristics of TSPO expression in marmoset EAE.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Role of innate immune cells in multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Orchestrating the frontline: HDAC3-miKO recruits macrophage reinforcements for accelerated myelin debris clearance after stroke.Theranostics · 2025Article
- Glioinflammation: disease-associated microglia and astrocytes in psychiatric disorders, neurodegeneration, and senescence.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Review
224 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMacrophages play a dual role in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology. They can exert neuroprotective and growth promoting effects but also contribute to tissue damage by production of inflammatory mediators. The effector function of macrophages is determined by the way they are activated. Stimulation of monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro with interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide results in classically activated (CA/M1) macrophages, and activation with interleukin 4 induces alternatively activated (AA/M2) macrophages.
methodsFor this study, the expression of a panel of typical M1 and M2 markers on human monocyte derived M1 and M2 macrophages was analyzed using flow cytometry. This revealed that CD40 and mannose receptor (MR) were the most distinctive markers for human M1 and M2 macrophages, respectively. Using a panel of M1 and M2 markers we next examined the activation status of macrophages/microglia in MS lesions, normal appearing white matter and healthy control samples.
resultsOur data show that M1 markers, including CD40, CD86, CD64 and CD32 were abundantly expressed by microglia in normal appearing white matter and by activated microglia and macrophages throughout active demyelinating MS lesions. M2 markers, such as MR and CD163 were expressed by myelin-laden macrophages in active lesions and perivascular macrophages. Double staining with anti-CD40 and anti-MR revealed that approximately 70% of the CD40-positive macrophages in MS lesions also expressed MR, indicating that the majority of infiltrating macrophages and activated microglial cells display an intermediate activation status.
conclusionsOur findings show that, although macrophages in active MS lesions predominantly display M1 characteristics, a major subset of macrophages have an intermediate activation status.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.