ArticleThe Journal of investigative dermatology2013
Malassezia yeasts produce a collection of exceptionally potent activators of the Ah (dioxin) receptor detected in diseased human skin.
Article in The Journal of investigative dermatology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 93 papers.
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Who cites it
93 citing papers in PubMed, 161 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Skin metatranscriptomics reveals a landscape of variation in microbial activity and gene expression across the human body.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- Commensal yeast Malassezia produces tryptophan metabolites to promote tissue homeostasis via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in mice.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Advances in Scalp Microbiome Research: Molecular Insights into the Metabolism-Inflammation-Barrier Axis and Dandruff Pathogenesis.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Clinical Efficacy and Scalp Microbiome Changes Induced by AMPamide-Containing Shampoo in Patients With Seborrheic Dermatitis.Annals of dermatology · 2026Article
- The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: structure, signaling, physiology and pathology.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Metabolism-Driven Modulation by the Human Microbiota: Implications for Cancer Therapy and Emerging Strategies.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- A Selenium Disulfide-Based Shampoo Is Beneficial for Dandruff Management and Rebalancing the Scalp Microbiome of Subjects of Any Hair Type.Skin appendage disorders · 2025Article
- The dual roles of T cells and keratinocytes in seborrheic dermatitis: a narrative review.European journal of medical research · 2025Review
- Scalp Microbiome Dynamics Can Contribute to the Clinical Effect of a Novel Antiseborrheic Dermatitis Shampoo Containing Patented Antifungal Actives: A Randomized Controlled Study.Dermatology and therapy · 2025Article
- The Skin Microbiome, Microbial Metabolites and the Epidermal Response to Ultraviolet Radiation-Towards Next Generation Suncare.Experimental dermatology · 2025Review
- Psoriasis: A Multidimensional Review of Onset, Progression, Treatment, and the Evolution of Disease Models.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2025Review
- The role of the AHR in host-pathogen interactions.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR): Peacekeeper of the Skin.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Lung Microbiota: From Healthy Lungs to Development of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Synthesis and Evaluation of the AhR Activity of Indolo[3,2Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- From Skin and Gut to the Brain: The Infectious Journey of the Human Commensal Fungus Malassezia and Its Neurological Consequences.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- A Comparative Randomized Clinical Study Assessing the Efficacy of a 1% Selenium Disulfide-Based Shampoo versus 2% Ketoconazole Shampoo in Subjects with Moderate to Severe Scalp Seborrheic Dermatitis.Skin appendage disorders · 2024Article
33 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Malassezia yeasts are commensal microorganisms, which under insufficiently understood conditions can become pathogenic. We have previously shown that specific strains isolated from diseased human skin can preferentially produce agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), whose activation has been linked to certain skin diseases. Investigation of skin scale extracts from patients with Malassezia-associated diseases demonstrated 10- to 1,000-fold higher AhR-activating capacity than control skin extracts. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the patients' extracts revealed the presence of indirubin, 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ), malassezin, and pityriacitrin. The same compounds were also identified in 9 out of 12 Malassezia species culture extracts tested, connecting their presence in skin scales with this yeast. Studying the activity of the Malassezia culture extracts and pure metabolites in HaCaT cells by reverse transcriptase real-time PCR revealed significant alterations in mRNA levels of the endogenous AhR-responsive genes Cyp1A1, Cyp1B1, and AhRR. Indirubin- and FICZ-activated AhR in HaCaT and human HepG2 cells with significantly higher, yet transient, potency as compared with the prototypical AhR ligand, dioxin. In loco synthesis of these highly potent AhR inducers by Malassezia yeasts could have a significant impact on skin homeostatic mechanisms and disease development.
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