Expression of pattern recognition receptors in cholesteatoma.

Although many immunologic mechanisms have been investigated in studies of the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma, the role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) has not been fully determined. Therefore, we assessed innate immune responses in patients with cholesteatoma. We prospectively evaluated 21 patients with acquired cholesteatoma between August 2010 and July 2012. Cholesteatoma specimens were obtained during surgery, and skin from the external meatus of each patient was used as a control. RNA was extracted from these tissue samples, followed by real-time PCR to quantitatively assess the relative expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I, NO synthase (NOS) and cytokines. The levels of TLR-2, -3, -4, -6, -7, and -10, NOD-2, and IL-1 and -8 mRNAs were significantly higher in the cholesteatoma than in the skin specimens (p < .05). The expression levels of TLR-2 and -3, RIG-I, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNAs were significantly higher in cholesteatomas from women than from men. The levels of TLR-8, NOD-2, IL-12, and TNF-α mRNAs were significantly higher in recurrent than in initial cholesteatoma specimens (p < .05). Hearing level did not correlate with the levels of expression of mRNAs encoding TLRs, NLRs, NOS, RIG-I and related cytokines (p > .05). In conclusion, alterations in innate immunity triggered by PRRs are important in the pathophysiology of cholesteatoma. Gender differences and frequency of surgery may affect the expression of PRRs in cholesteatomas.