ArticleTremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.)2012
Diffusion of botulinum toxins.
Article in Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.), 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trial
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- The effect of botulinum toxin injection dose on the appearance of surgical scar.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Pilot Single-Blind Trial of AbobotulinumtoxinA in Oromandibular Dystonia.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2018Trial
- TrenibotulinumtoxinE: Pharmacology, clinical evidence, and emerging role in aesthetic medicine.JPRAS open · 2026Review
- [Expert consensus in Southwest China on the application of botulinum toxin type A in upper and mid-facial aesthetics].Hua xi kou qiang yi xue za zhi = Huaxi kouqiang yixue zazhi = West China journal of stomatology · 2026Article
- From Molecular Cleavage to Clinical Effect: A Probabilistic Field Model of Botulinum Toxin Action.Biology · 2026Article
- Localization modalities for botulinum neurotoxin injection.Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology · 2025Review
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- Article
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- Extraction and injection of botulinum toxin with less wastage.Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) · 2024Article
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- Low-Dose OnabotulinumtoxinA using Seven-Point Pattern Intradermal Injections in Patients with Moderate-to-intolerable Primary Axillary Hyperhidrosis: A Single-Blinded, Side-by-Side Randomized Trial.The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology · 2023Article
- A Preclinical Study Comparing the Activity and Potency of OnabotulinumtoxinA and PrabotulinumtoxinA.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2023Article
- Article
- Piriformis syndrome: muscle thickness or volume does not correlate with response to CT-guided injection.Skeletal radiology · 2022Article
- Review
- AbobotulinumtoxinA provides flexibility for the treatment of cervical dystonia with 500 U/1 mL and 500 U/2 mL dilutions.Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders · 2021Article
- A Review of Tolerance and Safety Profiles of Long-Term Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A in Asian Patients with Hemifacial Spasm and Benign Essential Blepharospasm.Neuro-ophthalmology (Aeolus Press) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIt is generally agreed that diffusion of botulinum toxin occurs, but the extent of the spread and its clinical importance are disputed. Many factors have been suggested to play a role but which have the most clinical relevance is a subject of much discussion.
methodsThis review discusses the variables affecting diffusion, including protein composition and molecular size as well as injection factors (e.g., volume, dose, injection method). It also discusses data on diffusion from comparative studies in animal models and human clinical trials that illustrate differences between the available botulinum toxin products (onabotulinumtoxinA, abobotulinumtoxinA, incobotulinumtoxinA, and rimabotulinumtoxinB).
resultsNeither molecular weight nor the presence of complexing proteins appears to affect diffusion; however, injection volume, concentration, and dose all play roles and are modifiable. Both animal and human studies show that botulinum toxin products are not interchangeable, and that some products are associated with greater diffusion and higher rates of diffusion-related adverse events than others. DISCUSSION: Each of the botulinum toxins is a unique pharmacologic entity. A working knowledge of the different serotypes is essential to avoid unwanted diffusion-related adverse events. In addition, clinicians should be aware that the factors influencing diffusion may range from properties intrinsic to the drug to accurate muscle selection as well as dilution, volume, and dose injected.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.