ArticleTremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.)2012
Harmaline tremor: underlying mechanisms in a potential animal model of essential tremor.
Article in Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.), 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers.
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Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Phase 2 Proof-of-Concept, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of CX-8998 in Essential Tremor.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2021Trial
- The JAK1/2 Inhibitor Baricitinib Ameliorates Neuroinflammation and Symptoms in an Animal Model of Essential Tremor.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective effects of telmisartan in a harmaline-induced model of essential tremor: modulation of the renin-angiotensin system and inflammatory pathways.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Quercetin nanoemulsion ameliorates tremor and neuroinflammatory dysregulation: behavioral and molecular insights in a mouse model of essential tremor.Behavioral and brain functions : BBF · 2025Article
- Transcriptomics and Proteomics Identify Serotonin Transporter as a Promising Therapeutic Target for Essential Tremor.Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2025Article
- DYRK1A inhibition restores pancreatic functions and improves glucose metabolism in a preclinical model of type 2 diabetes.Molecular metabolism · 2025Article
- Current and Emerging Therapeutic Targets for Essential Tremor: A Critical Appraisal of Recent Preclinical and Clinical Studies.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2025Review
- Effects of subanesthetic dose of ketamine on motor and cognitive outcomes of harmaline-induced essential tremor model: a focus on Lingo-1 and inflammatory pathways.BMC neuroscience · 2025Article
- Accurate Tracking of Locomotory Kinematics in Mice Moving Freely in Three-Dimensional Environments.eNeuro · 2025Article
- The Plant Alkaloid Harmaline Blocks the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel NaInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Therapeutic Potential of Agmatine in Essential Tremor Through Regulation of Lingo-1 and Inflammatory Pathways.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Modulation of CB1 cannabinoid receptor alters the electrophysiological properties of cerebellar Purkinje cells in harmaline-induced essential tremor.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2024Article
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- Resveratrol and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D decrease Lingo-1 levels, and improve behavior in harmaline-induced Essential tremor, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Harmaline induces apoptosis and inhibits migration in A2780 ovarian cancer cells in vitro.Physiological reports · 2024Article
- A Role for GABATremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Mapping Pharmacologically Evoked Neurovascular Activation and Its Suppression in a Rat Model of Tremor Using Functional Ultrasound: A Feasibility Study.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- T-type calcium channels as therapeutic targets in essential tremor and Parkinson's disease.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2023Review
- Tracking motion kinematics and tremor with intrinsic oscillatory property of instrumental mechanics.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2023Article
- Cerebellar α6GABANeurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2023Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHarmaline and harmine are tremorigenic β-carbolines that, on administration to experimental animals, induce an acute postural and kinetic tremor of axial and truncal musculature. This drug-induced action tremor has been proposed as a model of essential tremor. Here we review what is known about harmaline tremor.
methodsUsing the terms harmaline and harmine on PubMed, we searched for papers describing the effects of these β-carbolines on mammalian tissue, animals, or humans.
resultsInvestigations over four decades have shown that harmaline induces rhythmic burst-firing activity in the medial and dorsal accessory inferior olivary nuclei that is transmitted via climbing fibers to Purkinje cells and to the deep cerebellar nuclei, then to brainstem and spinal cord motoneurons. The critical structures required for tremor expression are the inferior olive, climbing fibers, and the deep cerebellar nuclei; Purkinje cells are not required. Enhanced synaptic norepinephrine or blockade of ionic glutamate receptors suppresses tremor, whereas enhanced synaptic serotonin exacerbates tremor. Benzodiazepines and muscimol suppress tremor. Alcohol suppresses harmaline tremor but exacerbates harmaline-associated neural damage. Recent investigations on the mechanism of harmaline tremor have focused on the T-type calcium channel. DISCUSSION: Like essential tremor, harmaline tremor involves the cerebellum, and classic medications for essential tremor have been found to suppress harmaline tremor, leading to utilization of the harmaline model for preclinical testing of antitremor drugs. Limitations are that the model is acute, unlike essential tremor, and only approximately half of the drugs reported to suppress harmaline tremor are subsequently found to suppress tremor in clinical trials.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.