ArticlePloS one2013
Metropolitan social environments and pre-HAART/HAART era changes in mortality rates (per 10,000 adult residents) among injection drug users living with AIDS.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacological interventions for drug-using offenders.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015Pooled it
- The paradigm of universal access to HIV-treatment and human rights violation: how do we treat HIV-positive people who use drugs?Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2014Pooled it
- New and Emerging Opioid Overdose Risk Factors.Current addiction reports · 2021Review
- Predictors of historical change in drug treatment coverage among people who inject drugs in 90 large metropolitan areas in the USA, 1993-2007.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2020Article
- Drugs, discipline and death: Causes and predictors of mortality among people who inject drugs in Tijuana, 2011-2018.The International journal on drug policy · 2020Article
- The Syndemic of Opioid Misuse, Overdose, HCV, and HIV: Structural-Level Causes and Interventions.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2018Review
- Place-Based Predictors of HIV Viral Suppression and Durable Suppression Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in New York City.AIDS and behavior · 2017Article
- Social determinants of adult sex ratios and racial/ethnic disparities in transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in the USA.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2017Review
- Structural inequalities drive late HIV diagnosis: The role of black racial concentration, income inequality, socioeconomic deprivation, and HIV testing.Health & place · 2016Article
- Income inequality, drug-related arrests, and the health of people who inject drugs: Reflections on seventeen years of research.The International journal on drug policy · 2016Article
- Contextual Predictors of Injection Drug Use Among Black Adolescents and Adults in US Metropolitan Areas, 1993-2007.American journal of public health · 2016Article
- The role of neighborhoods in shaping perceived norms: An exploration of neighborhood disorder and norms among injection drug users in Baltimore, MD.Health & place · 2015Article
- Female and male differences in AIDS diagnosis rates among people who inject drugs in large U.S. metro areas from 1993 to 2007.Annals of epidemiology · 2015Article
- Do metropolitan HIV epidemic histories and programs for people who inject drugs and men who have sex with men predict AIDS incidence and mortality among heterosexuals?Annals of epidemiology · 2014Article
- Prevention and treatment produced large decreases in HIV incidence in a model of people who inject drugs.Health affairs (Project Hope) · 2014Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAmong the largest US metropolitan areas, trends in mortality rates for injection drug users (IDUs) with AIDS vary substantially. Ecosocial, risk environment and dialectical theories suggest many metropolitan areas characteristics that might drive this variation. We assess metropolitan area characteristics associated with decline in mortality rates among IDUs living with AIDS (per 10,000 adult MSA residents) after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was developed.
methodsThis is an ecological cohort study of 86 large US metropolitan areas from 1993-2006. The proportional rate of decline in mortality among IDUs diagnosed with AIDS (as a proportion of adult residents) from 1993-1995 to 2004-2006 was the outcome of interest. This rate of decline was modeled as a function of MSA-level variables suggested by ecosocial, risk environment and dialectical theories. In multiple regression analyses, we used 1993-1995 mortality rates to (partially) control for pre-HAART epidemic history and study how other independent variables affected the outcomes.
resultsIn multivariable models, pre-HAART to HAART era increases in 'hard drug' arrest rates and higher pre-HAART income inequality were associated with lower relative declines in mortality rates. Pre-HAART per capita health expenditure and drug abuse treatment rates, and pre- to HAART-era increases in HIV counseling and testing rates, were weakly associated with greater decline in AIDS mortality.
conclusionsMortality among IDUs living with AIDS might be decreased by reducing metropolitan income inequality, increasing public health expenditures, and perhaps increasing drug abuse treatment and HIV testing services. Given prior evidence that drug-related arrest rates are associated with higher HIV prevalence rates among IDUs and do not seem to decrease IDU population prevalence, changes in laws and policing practices to reduce such arrests while still protecting public order should be considered.
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