ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2013
Compound K, a Ginsenoside Metabolite, Inhibits Colon Cancer Growth via Multiple Pathways Including p53-p21 Interactions.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ginsenosides fromJournal of ginseng research · 2026Review
- Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase enforces p21 degradation via dePARylation to promote gastric cancer progression.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Compound K-enriched Korean red ginseng prevents lung cancer progression by targeting cancer cells and fibroblasts.Journal of ginseng research · 2025Article
- Molecular Evidence of the Bio-activities of Traditional Home Medicine Ingredients.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Potential of Gut Microbial Metabolites in Treating Osteoporosis and Obesity: A Network Pharmacology and Bioinformatics Approach.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2024Article
- Management of Colorectal Cancer Using Nanocarriers-based Drug Delivery for Herbal Bioactives: Current and Emerging Approaches.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2024Review
- Anti-colorectal cancer effect of total minor ginsenosides produced by lactobacilli transformation of major ginsenosides by inducing apoptosis and regulating gut microbiota.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Structural Characters and Pharmacological Activity of Protopanaxadiol-Type Saponins and Protopanaxatriol-Type Saponins from Ginseng.Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences · 2024Review
- Natural products target glycolysis in liver disease.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Ginsenoside compound K ameliorates palmitate-induced atrophy in C2C12 myotubes via promyogenic effects and AMPK/autophagy-mediated suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress.Journal of ginseng research · 2022Article
- Effects of ginsenoside compound K on colitis-associated colorectal cancer and gut microbiota profiles in mice.Annals of translational medicine · 2022Article
- A narrative review of the pharmacology of ginsenoside compound K.Annals of translational medicine · 2022Review
- Anticancer properties and pharmaceutical applications of ginsenoside compound K: A review.Chemical biology & drug design · 2022Review
- Ginsenoside Compound K Assisted G-Quadruplex Folding and Regulated G-Quadruplex-Containing Transcription.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Chemotherapy-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Hippocampal Neurogenesis: A Review of Physiological Mechanisms and Interventions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Ginsenosides in Mice.Pharmaceutics · 2021Article
- Bioconversion variation of ginsenoside CK mediated by human gut microbiota from healthy volunteers and colorectal cancer patients.Chinese medicine · 2021Article
- Anti-tumor activities ofJournal of ginseng research · 2021Article
- Ginsenoside CK Inhibits TGF-BioMed research international · 2021Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Compound K (20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, CK), an intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginseng protopanaxadiol saponins, has been shown to inhibit cell growth in a variety of cancers. However, the mechanisms are not completely understood, especially in colorectal cancer (CRC). A xenograft tumor model was used first to examine the anti-CRC effect of CK in vivo. Then, multiple in vitro assays were applied to investigate the anticancer effects of CK including antiproliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle distribution. In addition, a qPCR array and western blot analysis were executed to screen and validate the molecules and pathways involved. We observed that CK significantly inhibited the growth of HCT-116 tumors in an athymic nude mouse xenograft model. CK significantly inhibited the proliferation of human CRC cell lines HCT-116, SW-480, and HT-29 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We also observed that CK induced cell apoptosis and arrested the cell cycle in the G1 phase in HCT-116 cells. The processes were related to the upregulation of p53/p21, FoxO3a-p27/p15 and Smad3, and downregulation of cdc25A, CDK4/6 and cyclin D1/3. The major regulated targets of CK were cyclin dependent inhibitors, including p21, p27, and p15. These results indicate that CK inhibits transcriptional activation of multiple tumor-promoting pathways in CRC, suggesting that CK could be an active compound in the prevention or treatment of CRC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.