ArticlePloS one2013
The use of machine learning methodologies to analyse antibiotic and biocide susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Anidulafungin as a Potential Predictor of Biocide Susceptibility of Clade 1 Candidozyma (Candida) auris Isolates.MicrobiologyOpen · 2025Article
- Reviewing the complexities of bacterial biocide susceptibility and in vitro biocide adaptation methodologies.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2025Review
- Quantitative prediction of disinfectant tolerance in Listeria monocytogenes using whole genome sequencing and machine learning.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Role of ChatGPT and AI Chatbots in Optimizing Antibiotic Therapy: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Integrating genomic and molecular data to predict antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentration in Klebsiella pneumoniae.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- PredictingMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Disinfectants and antiseptics: mechanisms of action and resistance.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2024Review
- Current Understanding of Potential Linkages between Biocide Tolerance and Antibiotic Cross-Resistance.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- eMIC-AntiKP: Estimating minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics towardsComputational and structural biotechnology journal · 2023Article
- Impact of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and chloroxylenol on bacterial antimicrobial resistance.Journal of applied microbiology · 2022Review
- Towards a robust out-of-the-box neural network model for genomic data.BMC bioinformatics · 2022Article
- Paving the way for precise diagnostics of antimicrobial resistant bacteria.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2022Review
- Analysis of Multidrug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus with a Machine Learning-Generated Antibiogram.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2021Article
- Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Glyphosate and a Glyphosate-Containing Herbicide in Salmonella enterica Isolates Originating from Different Time Periods, Hosts, and Serovars.European journal of microbiology & immunology · 2019Article
- Using Machine Learning To Predict Antimicrobial MICs and Associated Genomic Features for NontyphoidalJournal of clinical microbiology · 2019Article
- Antibiotic ResistanceCan Be Enhanced in Gram-Positive Species by Some Biocidal Agents Used for Disinfection.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- Shared Multidrug Resistance Patterns in Chicken-AssociatedFrontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
- Genomics of antibiotic-resistance prediction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2019Review
- Developing an in silico minimum inhibitory concentration panel test for Klebsiella pneumoniae.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- An assay for determining the susceptibility of Salmonella isolates to commercial and household biocides.PloS one · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe rise of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a significant problem for the treatment of infectious diseases. Resistance is usually selected by the antibiotic itself; however, biocides might also co-select for resistance to antibiotics. Although resistance to biocides is poorly defined, different in vitro studies have shown that mutants presenting low susceptibility to biocides also have reduced susceptibility to antibiotics. However, studies with natural bacterial isolates are more limited and there are no clear conclusions as to whether the use of biocides results in the development of multidrug resistant bacteria.
methodsThe main goal is to perform an unbiased blind-based evaluation of the relationship between antibiotic and biocide reduced susceptibility in natural isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. One of the largest data sets ever studied comprising 1632 human clinical isolates of S. aureus originated worldwide was analysed. The phenotypic characterization of 13 antibiotics and 4 biocides was performed for all the strains. Complex links between reduced susceptibility to biocides and antibiotics are difficult to elucidate using the standard statistical approaches in phenotypic data. Therefore, machine learning techniques were applied to explore the data.
resultsIn this pioneer study, we demonstrated that reduced susceptibility to two common biocides, chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride, which belong to different structural families, is associated to multidrug resistance. We have consistently found that a minimum inhibitory concentration greater than 2 mg/L for both biocides is related to antibiotic non-susceptibility in S. aureus.
conclusionsTwo important results emerged from our work, one methodological and one other with relevance in the field of antibiotic resistance. We could not conclude on whether the use of antibiotics selects for biocide resistance or vice versa. However, the observation of association between multiple resistance and two biocides commonly used may be of concern for the treatment of infectious diseases in the future.
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