ArticleJournal of medical microbiology2013
Effects of ciprofloxacin on the expression and production of exotoxins by Clostridium difficile.
Article in Journal of medical microbiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Increase inMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Regulatory networks: Linking toxin production and sporulation in Clostridioides difficile.Anaerobe · 2025Review
- Predicting positiveHeliyon · 2025Article
- Seasonal meropenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii and influence of temperature-driven adaptation.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
- Environmental and Nutritional Parameters Modulating Genetic Expression for Virulence Factors ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Regulation of Clostridioides difficile toxin production.Current opinion in microbiology · 2022Review
- Myxopyronin B inhibits growth of a Fidaxomicin-resistant Clostridioides difficile isolate and interferes with toxin synthesis.Gut pathogens · 2022Article
- Issues beyond resistance: inadequate antibiotic therapy and bacterial hypervirulence.FEMS microbes · 2020Review
- The effects of iclaprim on exotoxin production in methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus.Journal of medical microbiology · 2019Article
- Sub-lethal doses of surotomycin and vancomycin have similar effects on Clostridium difficile virulence factor production in vitro.Journal of medical microbiology · 2018Article
- Comparative efficacy of antibiotics in treating experimental Clostridium septicum infection.International journal of antimicrobial agents · 2018Article
- Effect ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2018Article
- The role of toxins in Clostridium difficile infection.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2017Review
- Review
- Clostridium difficile infection.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2016Review
- The SOS Response Master Regulator LexA Is Associated with Sporulation, Motility and Biofilm Formation in Clostridium difficile.PloS one · 2015Article
- Tigecycline suppresses toxin A and B production and sporulation in Clostridium difficile.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2015Article
- Synergistic effects of antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics against Clostridium difficile.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2014Article
- The LexA regulated genes of the Clostridium difficile.BMC microbiology · 2014Article
- Prevention of Clostridium difficile spore formation by sub-inhibitory concentrations of tigecycline and piperacillin/tazobactam.BMC infectious diseases · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Hypervirulent BI/NAP1/027 strains of Clostridium difficile have been associated with increased mortality of C. difficile infection (CDI). The emergence of highly fluoroquinolone (FLQ)-resistant BI/NAP1/027 strains suggests that FLQ exposure may be a risk factor for CDI development. However, the mechanism for this is not clear. We compared the effects of subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin on Toxin A and B gene expression and protein production in recent (strain 039) and historical (strain 5325) BI/NAP1/027 clinical isolates with high- and low-level ciprofloxacin resistance, respectively. In the highly ciprofloxacin-resistant isolate (strain 039), ciprofloxacin significantly and dose-dependently increased Toxin A gene expression and shifted its expression to earlier in its growth cycle; TcdB gene expression also increased but was less sensitive to low-dose ciprofloxacin. Maximal Toxin A/B production (4 ng ml(-1)) was increased twofold and occurred significantly earlier than in the untreated control. In strain 5325, ciprofloxacin at 0.25×MIC markedly increased both tcdA and tcdB expression but their temporal dynamics were unchanged. Maximal toxin production (250 ng ml(-1)) was reduced approximately threefold compared with that of the untreated control. These results demonstrate significant differences in ciprofloxacin-induced toxin gene expression and protein production among BI/NAP1/027 isolates, and offer a new paradigm for FLQ-associated CDI caused by recent, highly antibiotic-resistant strains.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.