ArticleInfection and immunity2013
Quantification of the adenylate cyclase toxin of Bordetella pertussis in vitro and during respiratory infection.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanisms of Pertussis Toxin Action: ADP-Ribosylation and Its Role in Pertussis Pathogenesis.Toxins · 2026Review
- Limited response of primary nasal epithelial cells toMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Intranasal application of a bifunctional pertactin-RTX fusion antigen elicits protection of mouse airway mucosa againstmSphere · 2025Article
- Article
- Architecture and matrix assembly determinants of Bordetella pertussis biofilms on primary human airway epithelium.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Article
- Pertussis toxin suppresses dendritic cell-mediated delivery of B. pertussis into lung-draining lymph nodes.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- The Fim and FhaB adhesins play a crucial role in nasal cavity infection and Bordetella pertussis transmission in a novel mouse catarrhal infection model.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- Pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2021Review
- Article
- Article
- Infant rhesus macaques as a non-human primate model of Bordetella pertussis infection.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Susceptibility of primary human airway epithelial cells toInnate immunity · 2021Article
- Tracheal colonization factor A (TcfA) is a biomarker for rapid and specific detection of Bordetella pertussis.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Adenylate Cyclase Toxin Tinkering With Monocyte-Macrophage Differentiation.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Functional and structural consequences of epithelial cell invasion by Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin.PloS one · 2020Article
- Evaluation of Adenylate Cyclase Toxoid Antigen in Acellular Pertussis Vaccines by Using a Bordetella pertussis Challenge Model in Mice.Infection and immunity · 2018Article
- Bordetella pertussis Adenylate Cyclase Toxin Disrupts Functional Integrity of Bronchial Epithelial Layers.Infection and immunity · 2018Article
- Bordetella Pertussis virulence factors in the continuing evolution of whooping cough vaccines for improved performance.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2018Review
- Hyperbiofilm Formation by Bordetella pertussis Strains Correlates with Enhanced Virulence Traits.Infection and immunity · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Whooping cough results from infection of the respiratory tract with Bordetella pertussis, and the secreted adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is essential for the bacterium to establish infection. Despite extensive study of the mechanism of ACT cytotoxicity and its effects over a range of concentrations in vitro, ACT has not been observed or quantified in vivo, and thus the concentration of ACT at the site of infection is unknown. The recently developed baboon model of infection mimics the prolonged cough and transmissibility of pertussis, and we hypothesized that measurement of ACT in nasopharyngeal washes (NPW) from baboons, combined with human and in vitro data, would provide an estimate of the ACT concentration in the airway during infection. NPW contained up to ≈ 10(8) CFU/ml B. pertussis and 1 to 5 ng/ml ACT at the peak of infection. Nasal aspirate specimens from two human infants with pertussis contained bacterial concentrations similar to those in the baboons, with 12 to 20 ng/ml ACT. When ≈ 10(8) CFU/ml of a laboratory strain of B. pertussis was cultured in vitro, ACT production was detected in 60 min and reached a plateau of ≈ 60 ng/ml in 6 h. Furthermore, when bacteria were brought into close proximity to target cells by centrifugation, intoxication was increased 4-fold. Collectively, these data suggest that at the bacterium-target cell interface during infection of the respiratory tract, the concentration of ACT can exceed 100 ng/ml, providing a reference point for future studies of ACT and pertussis pathogenesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.