ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2013
Are women who smoke at higher risk for lung cancer than men who smoke?
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Association between second-hand smoke exposure and lung cancer risk in never-smokers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2024Pooled it
- Sex difference in response to non-small cell lung cancer immunotherapy: an updated meta-analysis.Annals of medicine · 2022Pooled it
- A Validated Clinical Risk Prediction Model for Lung Cancer in Smokers of All Ages and Exposure Types: A HUNT Study.EBioMedicine · 2018Trial
- Perioperative Outcomes of Lung Cancer Surgery in Women: A Canadian Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study.European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery · 2025Article
- Sex-based differences in lung cancer susceptibility and molecular genetics in the 2020s.Heliyon · 2025Article
- A Retrospective Analysis: Investigating Factors Linked to High Lung-RADS Scores in a Nonsmoking, Non-Family History Population.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Health effects associated with smoking: a Burden of Proof study.Nature medicine · 2022Article
- Review
- Risk of lung cancer among women in relation to lifetime history of tobacco smoking: a population-based case-control study in France (the WELCA study).BMC cancer · 2021Article
- The role of gender in non-small cell lung cancer: a narrative review.Journal of thoracic disease · 2021Review
- Perioperative outcome of lung cancer surgery in women: results from a Spanish nationwide prospective cohort study.Journal of thoracic disease · 2019Article
- Article
- Article
- Risk of lung cancer in relation to various metrics of smoking history: a case-control study in Montreal.BMC cancer · 2018Article
- Prognostic score for life expectancy evaluation of lung cancer patients after bone metastasis.Journal of bone oncology · 2018Article
- Influence of estrogen in non-small cell lung cancer and its clinical implications.Journal of thoracic disease · 2018Review
- Article
- Article
- Exploring estrogenic activity in lung cancer.Molecular biology reports · 2017Review
- Smoking exposure, loss of forced expiratory volume in one second and the risk of lung cancer among patients with malignant disease who present with cardiac or pulmonary symptoms: a cross-sectional study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2017Article
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9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Worldwide lung cancer incidence is decreasing or leveling off among men, but rising among women. Sex differences in associations of tobacco carcinogens with lung cancer risk have been hypothesized, but the epidemiologic evidence is conflicting. We tested sex-smoking interaction in association with lung cancer risk within a population-based case-control study, the Environment and Genetics in Lung Cancer Etiology (EAGLE) Study (Lombardy, Italy, 2002-2005). Detailed lifetime smoking histories were collected by personal interview in 2,100 cases with incident lung cancer and 2,120 controls. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for pack-years of cigarette smoking were estimated by logistic regression, adjusted for age, residence area, and time since quitting smoking. To assess sex-smoking interaction, we compared the slopes of odds ratios for logarithm of pack-years in a model for men and women combined. Overall, the slope for pack-years was steeper in men (odds ratio for female-smoking interaction = 0.39, 95% confidence interval: 0.24, 0.62; P < 0.0001); after restriction to ever smokers, the difference in slopes was much smaller (odds ratio for interaction = 0.63, 95% confidence interval: 0.29, 1.37; P = 0.24). Similar results were found by histological type. Results were unchanged when additional confounders were evaluated (e.g., tobacco type, inhalation depth, Fagerström-assessed nicotine dependence). These findings do not support a higher female susceptibility to tobacco-related lung cancer.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.