ReviewBiological psychiatry2013
Inflammatory cytokines and neurological and neurocognitive alterations in the course of schizophrenia.
Review in Biological psychiatry, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 102 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
102 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 195 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Interrelationships between Cytokines and Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Changes in peripheral blood compounds following psychopharmacological treatment in drug-naïve first-episode patients with either schizophrenia or major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis.Psychological medicine · 2021Pooled it
- An update on the efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents for patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.Psychological medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Systematic prioritization and integrative analysis of copy number variations in schizophrenia reveal key schizophrenia susceptibility genes.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2014Pooled it
- Efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents to improve symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: an update.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2014Pooled it
- Randomized double-blind inpatient study of a gluten-free diet for negative symptoms in people with schizophrenia.Schizophrenia research · 2026Trial
- Associations between expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase enzyme and inflammatory cytokines in patients with first-episode drug-naive Schizophrenia.Translational psychiatry · 2021Trial
- Randomized controlled trial of a gluten-free diet in patients with schizophrenia positive for antigliadin antibodies (AGA IgG): a pilot feasibility studyJournal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN · 2019Trial
- Inflammation impairs social cognitive processing: A randomized controlled trial of endotoxin.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2015Trial
- Machine learning-based integration identifies a 10-gene predictive signature and its classification patterns in schizophrenia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Special Issue: Does latent Toxoplasma infection mimic the immune profile of schizophrenia? Sex-specific cytokine and brain-marker alterations suggest partial overlap.Folia parasitologica · 2026Article
- Article
- Synergistic pathways to psychosis: understanding developmental risk and resilience factors.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Therapeutic potential of COX-2 inhibitors in neuropsychiatric disorders.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Review
- Sex differences in the peripheral levels of cytokines during 12-month antipsychotic treatment in a drug-naïve schizophrenia spectrum cohort.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis identifies hub genes associated with immune cell infiltration in early-onset schizophrenia.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Age-Dependent Correlation between Immune Parameters and Symptoms in Young Adults with Schizophrenia.Current neuropharmacology · 2025Article
- Contributions of maternal prenatal infection and antibiotic exposure to offspring infection and risk for allergic respiratory conditions through age 5.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Review
- Gene expression changes in Brodmann's Area 46 differentiate epidermal growth factor and immune system interactions in schizophrenia and mood disorders.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2024Article
42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that immune alterations, especially those related to inflammation, are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia and schizophrenia-related brain alterations. Much of this work has focused on the prenatal period, because infections during pregnancy have been repeatedly (albeit inconsistently) linked to risk of schizophrenia. Given that most infections do not cross the placenta, cytokines associated with inflammation (proinflammatory cytokines) have been targeted as potential mediators of the damaging effects of infection on the fetal brain in prenatal studies. Moreover, additional evidence from both human and animal studies suggests links between increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, immune-related genes, and schizophrenia as well as brain alterations associated with the disorder. Additional support for the role of altered immune factors in the etiology of schizophrenia comes from neuroimaging studies, which have linked proinflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms with some of the structural and functional abnormalities repeatedly found in schizophrenia. These findings are reviewed and discussed with a life course perspective, examining the contribution of inflammation from the fetal period to disorder presentation. Unexplored areas and future directions, such as the interplay between inflammation, genes, and individual-level environmental factors (e.g., stress, sleep, and nutrition), are also discussed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.