ArticleCell host & microbe2013
Anatomically restricted synergistic antiviral activities of innate and adaptive immune cells in the skin.
Article in Cell host & microbe, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Antiviral innate immunity and adaptive immune responses against monkeypox and viral immune evasion.World journal of virology · 2026Review
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- Emerging strategies for monkeypox: antigen and antibody applications in diagnostics, vaccines, and treatments.Military Medical Research · 2025Review
- Tiantan vaccinia virus-based vaccine with promising safety provides sustained protection against mpox in non-human primates.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Monkeypox Virus Subverts the Inflammatory Response of Macrophages at the Maternal-Fetal Interface.Journal of medical virology · 2025Article
- Viral infection and antiviral immunity in the oral cavity.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Lymphatic vessel transit seeds cytotoxic resident memory T cells in skin draining lymph nodes.Science immunology · 2024Article
- T Cell Surveillance during Cutaneous Viral Infections.Viruses · 2024Review
- γδ T Cells Mediate a Requisite Portion of a Wound Healing Response Triggered by Cutaneous Poxvirus Infection.Viruses · 2024Article
- Profiling whole-tissue metabolic reprogramming during cutaneous poxvirus infection and clearance.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- Rational development of multicomponent mRNA vaccine candidates against mpox.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Lymphatic vessel transit seeds precursors to cytotoxic resident memory T cells in skin draining lymph nodes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Understanding virus-host interactions in tissues.Nature microbiology · 2023Review
- T helper 1 effector memory CD4Cell reports · 2023Article
- Monkeypox virus quadrivalent mRNA vaccine induces immune response and protects against vaccinia virus.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Article
- Review
- Potential Inhibitors of Monkeypox Virus Revealed by Molecular Modeling Approach to Viral DNA Topoisomerase I.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The prospective outcome of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022 and characterization of monkeypox disease immunobiology.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Widespread and dynamic expression of granzyme C by skin-resident antiviral T cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Despite extensive ex vivo investigation, the spatiotemporal organization of immune cells interacting with virus-infected cells in tissues remains uncertain. To address this, we used intravital multiphoton microscopy to visualize immune cell interactions with virus-infected cells following epicutaneous vaccinia virus (VV) infection of mice. VV infects keratinocytes in epidermal foci and numerous migratory dermal inflammatory monocytes that outlie the foci. We observed Ly6G(+) innate immune cells infiltrating and controlling foci, while CD8(+) T cells remained on the periphery killing infected monocytes. Most antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in the skin did not interact with virus-infected cells. Blocking the generation of reactive nitrogen species relocated CD8(+) T cells into foci, modestly reducing viral titers. Depletion of Ly6G(+) and CD8(+) cells dramatically increased viral titers, consistent with their synergistic but spatially segregated viral clearance activities. These findings highlight previously unappreciated differences in the anatomic specialization of antiviral immune cell subsets.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.