Trial reportThe American journal on addictions
Spontaneous development of IgM anti-cocaine antibodies in habitual cocaine users: effect on IgG antibody responses to a cocaine cholera toxin B conjugate vaccine.
Trial report in The American journal on addictions. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Novel neurotherapeutic targets for substance use disorders: Neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, gasotransmitters and non-canonical organ systems.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Review
- Plasma microRNAs to Select Optimal Patients for Antibody Production from Anti-Addiction Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- COT-TT vaccine attenuates induction and expression of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in rats: a dose-response study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- COT-TT vaccine attenuates cocaine-seeking and cocaine-conditioned place preference in rats.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Vaccines to Treat Substance Use Disorders: Current Status and Future Directions.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- A Clinical Trial of Entolimod a TLR-5 Adjuvant for Vaccines Using Diphtheria or Tetanus as Carrier Proteins.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Methamphetamine Compromises the Adaptive B Cell-Mediated Immunity to Antigenic Challenge in C57BL/6 Mice.Frontiers in toxicology · 2021Article
- Anti-Opioid Antibodies in Individuals Using Chronic Opioid Therapy for Lower Back Pain.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2020Article
- Suppression of Cocaine-Evoked Hyperactivity by Self-Adjuvanting and Multivalent Peptide Nanofiber Vaccines.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2016Article
- Review
- Systems-level view of cocaine addiction: the interconnection of the immune and nervous systems.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2014Review
- The future potential for cocaine vaccines.Expert opinion on biological therapy · 2014Review
- Hapten-specific naïve B cells are biomarkers of vaccine efficacy against drugs of abuse.Journal of immunological methods · 2014Article
- New directions in nicotine vaccine design and use.Advances in pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.) · 2014Review
- Can you vaccinate against substance abuse?Expert opinion on biological therapy · 2013Review
- Prospects, promise and problems on the road to effective vaccines and related therapies for substance abuse.Expert review of vaccines · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesIn cocaine vaccine studies, only a minority of subjects made strong antibody responses. To investigate this issue, IgG and IgM antibody responses to cocaine and to cholera toxin B (CTB-the carrier protein used to enhance immune responses to cocaine) were measured in sera from the 55 actively vaccinated subjects in a Phase IIb randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (TA-CD 109).
methodsIsotype specific ELISAs were used to measure IgG and IgM anti-cocaine and anti-CTB antibody in serial samples collected prior to and at intervals after immunization. We assessed IgG anti-cocaine responses of patients with pre-vaccination IgM anti-cocaine antibodies. Competitive inhibition ELISA was used to evaluate antibody specificity. RESULTS AND
conclusionsBefore immunization, 36/55 subjects had detectable IgM antibodies to cocaine, and 9 had IgM levels above the 95% confidence limit of 11 μg/ml. These nine had significantly reduced peak IgG anti-cocaine responses at 16 weeks, and all were below the concentration (40 μg/ml) considered necessary to discourage recreational cocaine use. The IgG anti-CTB responses of these same subjects were also reduced. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Subjects who develop an IgM antibody response to cocaine in the course of repeated recreational exposure to this drug are significantly less likely to produce high levels of IgG antibodies from the cocaine conjugate vaccine. The failure may be due to recreational cocaine exposure induction of a type 2 T-cell independent immune response. Such individuals will require improved vaccines and are poor candidates for the currently available vaccine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.