ArticleJournal of autoimmunity2013
Cancer risk in systemic lupus: an updated international multi-centre cohort study.
Article in Journal of autoimmunity, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03802188 (Hydroxychloroquine Exposure in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus), which is not on this map. Cited by 148 papers, 14 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Hydroxychloroquine Exposure in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Who cites it
148 citing papers in PubMed, 14 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Unraveling the connection and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and thyroid cancer: integrative meta-analysis, Mendelian randomization, and transcriptomic insights.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Pooled it
- Exploring the Potential Link Between Autoimmune Diseases and Pan-Cancer: A Multidatabase Mendelian Randomization Analysis.Journal of immunology research · 2025Pooled it
- Systemic lupus erythematosus and prostate cancer risk: a pool of cohort studies and Mendelian randomization analysis.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2023Pooled it
- Antimalarials may reduce cancer risk in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.Annals of medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Risk of pancreatic cancer in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis.Clinical rheumatology · 2019Pooled it
- Autoimmune Diseases and Gastric Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Cancer research and treatment · 2019Pooled it
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Associated with Ovarian Cancer.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2019Pooled it
- The risks of cancer development in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Arthritis research & therapy · 2018Pooled it
- No association between the risk of breast cancer and systemic lupus erythematosus: evidence from a meta-analysis.Clinical rheumatology · 2018Pooled it
- EULAR recommendations for women's health and the management of family planning, assisted reproduction, pregnancy and menopause in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid syndrome.Annals of the rheumatic diseases · 2017Guideline
- A systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of cancer in multiple sclerosis.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2015Pooled it
- Pooled it
- A systematic review of the epidemiological literature on the risk of urological cancers in systemic lupus erythematosus.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2014Pooled it
- Thyroid cancer in systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta analysis.International journal of clinical and experimental pathology · 2014Pooled it
- Shared and Unique Patterns of DNA Methylation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Primary Sjögren's Syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Trial
- Increased risk of cancer in patients with mixed connective tissue disease: a population-based cohort study in Korea.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Prescribing Biologic Immune-Modifying Therapies for Patients with a History of Cancer: A Cross-Specialty Review.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Review
- Clinical characterization and targeted genetic mutation profiling of autoimmune disease-associated B-cell lymphoma.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Leucine, autoimmune diseases, and circulating mediators shape the causal landscape of lymphoid malignancies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Shared immune dysregulation in systemic lupus erythematosus and colorectal cancer: a multi-omics guided discovery of DNASE1L3-centric efferocytosis deficiency.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
88 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
45 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo update estimates of cancer risk in SLE relative to the general population.
methodsA multisite international SLE cohort was linked with regional tumor registries. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated as the ratio of observed to expected cancers.
resultsAcross 30 centres, 16,409 patients were observed for 121,283 (average 7.4) person-years. In total, 644 cancers occurred. Some cancers, notably hematologic malignancies, were substantially increased (SIR 3.02, 95% confidence interval, CI, 2.48, 3.63), particularly non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, NHL (SIR 4.39, 95% CI 3.46, 5.49) and leukemia. In addition, increased risks of cancer of the vulva (SIR 3.78, 95% CI 1.52, 7.78), lung (SIR 1.30, 95% CI 1.04, 1.60), thyroid (SIR 1.76, 95% CI 1.13, 2.61) and possibly liver (SIR 1.87, 95% CI 0.97, 3.27) were suggested. However, a decreased risk was estimated for breast (SIR 0.73, 95% CI 0.61-0.88), endometrial (SIR 0.44, 95% CI 0.23-0.77), and possibly ovarian cancers (0.64, 95% CI 0.34-1.10). The variability of comparative rates across different cancers meant that only a small increased risk was estimated across all cancers (SIR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05, 1.23).
conclusionThese data estimate only a small increased risk in SLE (versus the general population) for cancer over-all. However, there is clearly an increased risk of NHL, and cancers of the vulva, lung, thyroid, and possibly liver. It remains unclear to what extent the association with NHL is mediated by innate versus exogenous factors. Similarly, the etiology of the decreased breast, endometrial, and possibly ovarian cancer risk is uncertain, though investigations are ongoing.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.