ArticlePloS one2013
Progesterone is essential for protecting against LPS-induced pregnancy loss. LIF as a potential mediator of the anti-inflammatory effect of progesterone.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Endogenous progesterone in unexplained infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2023Pooled it
- Nestorone, a potent progestin, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and prevents preterm birth in murine models of premature labor.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2026Article
- LIF and Oncostatin M mitigate LPS-induced acute endometritis via distinct immunoregulatory mechanisms in peritoneal macrophagesiScience · 2026Article
- Multidimensional regulatory architecture of endometrial receptivity and its translational implications for implantation failure.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Progesterone receptor antagonism by mifepristone impairs trophoblast stemness and promotes apoptosis through upregulation of PDCD4.Cell & bioscience · 2025Article
- 11α-hydroxyprogesterone dampens lung metastasis via EMT modulation in PyMT-induced breast cancer murine model.Laboratory animal research · 2025Article
- Article
- Conception and Concern: A Review of Breast Cancer Risk in Assisted Reproductive Technology.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- Evaluation of two luteal support regimens, intramuscular progesterone and progesterone vaginal gel, for vitrified-warmed embryo transfer in women with chronic salpingitis: a single-center 8-year retrospective study.European journal of medical research · 2024Article
- LPS Disrupts Endometrial Receptivity by Inhibiting STAT1 Phosphorylation in Sheep.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Potential mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for LPS-associated female fertility decline.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2024Review
- Progesterone inactivation in decidual stromal cells: A mechanism for inflammation-induced parturition.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Lipopolysaccharides ofToxins · 2023Article
- Emerging Roles of Endocannabinoids as Key Lipid Mediators for a Successful Pregnancy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Progesterone as an Anti-Inflammatory Drug and Immunomodulator: New Aspects in Hormonal Regulation of the Inflammation.Biomolecules · 2022Review
- Progesterone and Inflammatory Response in the Oviduct during Physiological and Pathological Conditions.Cells · 2022Review
- The Kynurenine Pathway and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Inflammation as a Common Denominator.International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR · 2022Review
- Mild infection induced by low-dose LPS does not impair follicular development and is beneficial to pregnancy in mice.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Article
- SEC5 is involved in M2 polarization of macrophagesFrontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Article
- Modulation of Cathepsin S (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration to mice on day 7 of gestation led to 100% embryonic resorption after 24 h. In this model, nitric oxide is fundamental for the resorption process. Progesterone may be responsible, at least in part, for a Th2 switch in the feto-maternal interface, inducing active immune tolerance against fetal antigens. Th2 cells promote the development of T cells, producing leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), which seems to be important due to its immunomodulatory action during early pregnancy. Our aim was to evaluate the involvement of progesterone in the mechanism of LPS-induced embryonic resorption, and whether LIF can mediate hormonal action. Using in vivo and in vitro models, we provide evidence that circulating progesterone is an important component of the process by which infection causes embryonic resorption in mice. Also, LIF seems to be a mediator of the progesterone effect under inflammatory conditions. We found that serum progesterone fell to very low levels after 24 h of LPS exposure. Moreover, progesterone supplementation prevented embryonic resorption and LPS-induced increase of uterine nitric oxide levels in vivo. Results show that LPS diminished the expression of the nuclear progesterone receptor in the uterus after 6 and 12 h of treatment. We investigated the expression of LIF in uterine tissue from pregnant mice and found that progesterone up-regulates LIF mRNA expression in vitro. We observed that LIF was able to modulate the levels of nitric oxide induced by LPS in vitro, suggesting that it could be a potential mediator of the inflammatory action of progesterone. Our observations support the view that progesterone plays a critical role in a successful pregnancy as an anti-inflammatory agent, and that it could have possible therapeutic applications in the prevention of early reproductive failure associated with inflammatory disorders.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.