ArticleJournal of virology2013
Galectin-9 functionally impairs natural killer cells in humans and mice.
Article in Journal of virology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05422313 (Assessment of Galectin-9 in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Its Correlation With Disease Activity), which is not on this map. Cited by 82 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Assessment of Galectin-9 in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Its Correlation With Disease Activity
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 137 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Trial
- Tumor cells escape from therapy-induced senescence: from molecular mechanisms to targeted intervention.Biology direct · 2026Review
- Liver Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Viral Hepatitis.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Identification of Biomarkers forCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- NK cell cytotoxicity is transiently enhanced during acute malaria and modulated by the host microenvironment.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Engineered Mesenchymal Stem Cell-NK Cell Complexes for Spatially Targeted and Functionally Revitalized Cancer Immunotherapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Galectin-9 is a restrictor of infection with multiple enteroviruses.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Th1/Th2 immune regulation and functional resilience in older adults following severe COVID-19: a prospective cohort study.European geriatric medicine · 2026Article
- Search for Potential VDR/Partner Composite Elements in Regulatory DNA of Genes Associated with Respiratory Infections and Atopic Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Expression of TIM-3 and Gal-9 Immune Checkpoints in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: The Potential Role of Interleukin-27.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Galectin-9-An Emerging Glyco-Immune Checkpoint Target for Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- TIM-3/Galectin-9 Immune Axis in Colorectal Cancer in Relation to KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, AKT1 Mutations, MSI Status, and the Cytokine Milieu.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Multifaceted roles of Galectins: from carbohydrate binding to targeted cancer therapy.Biomarker research · 2025Review
- PRDX2 induces tumor immune evasion by modulating the HDAC3-Galectin-9 axis in lung adenocarcinoma cells.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Dynamic immune recovery process after liver transplantation revealed by single-cell multi-omics analysis.Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.)) · 2024Article
- Mitofusin 1 silencing decreases the senescent associated secretory phenotype, promotes immune cell recruitment and delays melanoma tumor growth after chemotherapy.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The regulating role of galectin-9 in immune cell populations.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Galectin-9 is a pleiotropic immune modulator affecting numerous cell types of innate and adaptive immunity. Patients with chronic infection with either hepatitis C virus (HCV) or HIV have elevated circulating levels. Limited data exist on the regulation of natural killer (NK) cell function through interaction with galectin-9. We found that galectin-9 ligation downregulates multiple immune-activating genes, including eight involved in the NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity pathway, impairs lymphokine-activated killing, and decreases the proportion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing NK cells that had been stimulated with interleukin-12 (IL-12)/IL-15. We demonstrate that the transcriptional and functional changes induced by galectin-9 are independent of Tim-3. Consistent with these results for humans, we find that the genetic absence of galectin-9 in mice is associated with greater IFN-γ production by NK cells and enhanced degranulation. We also show that in the setting of a short-term (4-day) murine cytomegalovirus infection, terminally differentiated NKs accumulate in the livers of galectin-9 knockout mice, and that hepatic NKs spontaneously produce significantly more IFN-γ in this setting. Taken together, our results indicate that galectin-9 engagement impairs the function of NK cells, including cytotoxicity and cytokine production.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.