ArticleJournal of virology2013
Diversity of virophages in metagenomic data sets.
Article in Journal of virology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers.
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Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed.
- Giant viruses of the polar regions: diversity, endemism, adaptation and ecological structuring.FEMS microbiology ecology · 2026Review
- Biological Trajectory of Virophage Research and the Emergence of Marine Virophages: A Scoping Review.Viruses · 2026Article
- Pantanal virophage: a new virophage species associated with a moumouvirus and a transpoviron, expanding the genusJournal of virology · 2026Article
- Uncovering novel virophages and giant viruses in high-altitude Lake Namtso: diversity and evolution of host-virus-virophage tripartite interaction systems.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- Unveiling the cryptic diversity and distribution of elements related to virophage mavirus through deep mining of pPolB proteins.Virologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Microalga-virus-virophage coculture reveals co-infection of multi-virophages with a giant virus.Archives of virology · 2026Article
- A Polinton-like Virus ofViruses · 2026Article
- Conserved tripartite tail proteins mediate virophage-host interactions throughJournal of virology · 2025Article
- Identification and profiling of novel metagenome assembled uncultivated virus genomes from human gut.Virology journal · 2025Article
- Sputnik virophage disrupts the transcriptional regulation of its host giant virus.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- The polinton-like supergroup of viruses: evolution, molecular biology, and taxonomy.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2024Review
- Endogenous virophages are active and mitigate giant virus infection in the marine protistProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Exploring the Archaeal Virosphere by Metagenomics.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Virophages Found in Viromes from Lake Baikal.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Diversity, Relationship, and Distribution of Virophages and Large Algal Viruses in Global Ocean Viromes.Viruses · 2023Article
- Virophages-Known and Unknown Facts.Viruses · 2023Review
- Large-scale invasion of unicellular eukaryotic genomes by integrating DNA viruses.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Updated Virophage Taxonomy and Distinction from Polinton-like Viruses.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- The Astounding World of Glycans from Giant Viruses.Chemical reviews · 2022Review
- Isolation and Identification of a Large Green Alga Virus (Journal of virology · 2022Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Virophages, e.g., Sputnik, Mavirus, and Organic Lake virophage (OLV), are unusual parasites of giant double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses, yet little is known about their diversity. Here, we describe the global distribution, abundance, and genetic diversity of virophages based on analyzing and mapping comprehensive metagenomic databases. The results reveal a distinct abundance and worldwide distribution of virophages, involving almost all geographical zones and a variety of unique environments. These environments ranged from deep ocean to inland, iced to hydrothermal lakes, and human gut- to animal-associated habitats. Four complete virophage genomic sequences (Yellowstone Lake virophages [YSLVs]) were obtained, as was one nearly complete sequence (Ace Lake Mavirus [ALM]). The genomes obtained were 27,849 bp long with 26 predicted open reading frames (ORFs) (YSLV1), 23,184 bp with 21 ORFs (YSLV2), 27,050 bp with 23 ORFs (YSLV3), 28,306 bp with 34 ORFs (YSLV4), and 17,767 bp with 22 ORFs (ALM). The homologous counterparts of five genes, including putative FtsK-HerA family DNA packaging ATPase and genes encoding DNA helicase/primase, cysteine protease, major capsid protein (MCP), and minor capsid protein (mCP), were present in all virophages studied thus far. They also shared a conserved gene cluster comprising the two core genes of MCP and mCP. Comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses showed that YSLVs, having a closer relationship to each other than to the other virophages, were more closely related to OLV than to Sputnik but distantly related to Mavirus and ALM. These findings indicate that virophages appear to be widespread and genetically diverse, with at least 3 major lineages.
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