ReviewFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2013
Recognition of lipid A variants by the TLR4-MD-2 receptor complex.
Review in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 147 papers.
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Who cites it
147 citing papers in PubMed, 262 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Microbial Signals in Cancer: Dissecting Host-Microbiota-Tumor Interactions and Potential Therapeutic Strategy.MedComm · 2026Review
- Outer membrane engineering through lipid A modification allows modulation ofInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Acinetobacter baumannii lipooligosaccharide core region promotes CD14-dependent TLR4 endocytosis and enhances pathogenicity through interferon-β production.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- The cell with many faces: lung macrophage plasticity and function in response to environmental and pathogenic insults.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Double-Edged Sword?Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Integrative analysis of the meibum microbiome in dry eye disease: from dysbiosis and diagnostic biomarkers to immunomodulation by Bradyrhizobium-derived outer membrane vesicles.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- An old foe comes swooping back: Whooping cough resurgence-Okay, now what?PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of Pertussis Toxin Action: ADP-Ribosylation and Its Role in Pertussis Pathogenesis.Toxins · 2026Review
- RETRACTED: Endogenous Retroviruses as Regulators of Innate Immune Signaling and InflammationViruses · 2026Review
- Virulence arsenal of Acinetobacter baumannii: mechanisms driving persistence and resistance.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Engineering low-endotoxin lipid A in a double auxotrophFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- A new therapeutic strategy for spotted fever group rickettsioses: a proposal for evaluating combination therapy with tetracycline and fluoroquinolones.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Extracellular phosphatidylcholine functions as a noncanonical TLR4 activator to drive adipocyte lipolysis and apoptosis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Luminal LPS is transported across murine small intestine by a caveolin-1 dependent endocytic mechanism induced by chronic feeding of a Western-style diet.Gut microbes · 2025Article
- Immunoinformatics-based design of a next generation multi-epitope vaccine candidate against Shigella boydii using a hierarchical subtractive proteomics approach.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Oral and Gut Health, (Neuro) Inflammation, and Central Sensitization in Chronic Pain: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms, Treatment Opportunities, and Research Agenda.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Synthesis of Acinetobacter baumannii Lipid A(s) and derivatives and their structure-immunostimulatory activity relationships.Communications chemistry · 2025Article
87 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer membrane of almost all Gram-negative bacteria and consists of lipid A, core sugars, and O-antigen. LPS is recognized by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and MD-2 on host innate immune cells and can signal to activate the transcription factor NFκB, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that initiate and shape the adaptive immune response. Most of what is known about how LPS is recognized by the TLR4-MD-2 receptor complex on animal cells has been studied using Escherichia coli lipid A, which is a strong agonist of TLR4 signaling. Recent work from several groups, including our own, has shown that several important pathogenic bacteria can modify their LPS or lipid A molecules in ways that significantly alter TLR4 signaling to NFκB. Thus, it has been hypothesized that expression of lipid A variants is one mechanism by which pathogens modulate or evade the host immune response. Additionally, several key differences in the amino acid sequences of human and mouse TLR4-MD-2 receptors have been shown to alter the ability to recognize these variations in lipid A, suggesting a host-specific effect on the immune response to these pathogens. In this review, we provide an overview of lipid A variants from several human pathogens, how the basic structure of lipid A is recognized by mouse and human TLR4-MD-2 receptor complexes, as well as how alteration of this pattern affects its recognition by TLR4 and impacts the downstream immune response.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.