ReviewEpidemiology and infection2014
Pertussis resurgence: waning immunity and pathogen adaptation - two sides of the same coin.
Review in Epidemiology and infection, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 154 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
154 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Global seroepidemiology of pertussis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Pertactin deficiency ofHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- Robust Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to Pertussis in Adults After a First Acellular Booster Vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of a combined Tetanus, Diphtheria, recombinant acellular Pertussis vaccine (TdaP) in healthy Thai adults.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2017Trial
- Immunological insights into why pertussis continues to be endemic.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Transcriptomic analysis of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease in Australian feedlot cattle identifies bovine viral diarrhoea virus-induced immunosuppression and Mollicutes as the dominant drivers of lung inflammation.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Novel endogenous protein-based strategies to inhibit clinically relevant bacterial AB-type toxins including pertussis toxin.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- Development of High-Throughput Serum Bactericidal Assays forVaccines · 2026Article
- The Battle Against Pertussis: Discovery of Endogenous Human Proteins and Peptides as Toxin-Inhibitors.Toxins · 2026Review
- Review
- Pertussis-SARS-CoV-2 Co-infection in Infants at Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech, Morocco.Cureus · 2026Article
- Unadjuvanted antenatal pertussis OMV vaccination drives enhanced and durable humoral immunity in offspring.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- CD4+ T-cell immunity toDiscover immunity · 2026Review
- Spatiotemporal modeling of regional short-term pertussis transmission risk using a propagation-enhanced prediction framework.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Resurgence of pertussis: Epidemiological trends, contributing factors, challenges, and recommendations for vaccination and surveillance.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Proteomic comparison of epidemic AustralianMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
94 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pertussis or whooping cough has persisted and resurged in the face of vaccination and has become one of the most prevalent vaccine-preventable diseases in Western countries. The high circulation rate of Bordetella pertussis poses a threat to infants that have not been (completely) vaccinated and for whom pertussis is a severe, life-threatening, disease. The increase in pertussis is mainly found in age groups in which immunity has waned and this has resulted in the perception that waning immunity is the main or exclusive cause for the resurgence of pertussis. However, significant changes in B. pertussis populations have been observed after the introduction of vaccinations, suggesting a role for pathogen adaptation in the persistence and resurgence of pertussis. These changes include antigenic divergence with vaccine strains and increased production of pertussis toxin. Antigenic divergence will affect both memory recall and the efficacy of antibodies, while higher levels of pertussis toxin may increase suppression of the innate and acquired immune system. We propose these adaptations of B. pertussis have decreased the period in which pertussis vaccines are effective and thus enhanced the waning of immunity. We plead for a more integrated approach to the pertussis problem which includes the characteristics of the vaccines, the B. pertussis populations and the interaction between the two.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.