ReviewPflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology2013
Sex differences in cardiac autonomic regulation and in repolarisation electrocardiography.
Review in Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Publication guidelines for human heart rate and heart rate variability studies in psychophysiology-Part 1: Physiological underpinnings and foundations of measurement.Psychophysiology · 2024Guideline
- The relevance of the superior cervical ganglion for cardiac autonomic innervation in health and disease: a systematic review.Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society · 2024Pooled it
- Cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation after myocardial infarction: a systematic review and qualitative analysis.Annals of medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Increased Cardiac Workload in the Upright Posture in Men: Noninvasive Hemodynamics in Men Versus Women.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2016Trial
- Physiological Basis of Sex Differences in Human Performance and Exercise-Associated Pathology.Clinical endocrinology · 2026Review
- Obesity and shorter QT intervals: sex- and adiposity distribution-specific patterns of ventricular repolarization in healthy Asian youth.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Observational
- Contextual fear conditioning leads to hypo-innervation of the left ventricular myocardium in female but not male C57BL/6J mice.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2026Article
- Cardiac autonomic function in adults born preterm with very low birth weight in mid-adulthood-A two-country birth cohort study.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- Menopause and its effects on autonomic regulation of blood pressure: Insights and perspectives.Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical · 2025Review
- Development of autonomic heart rate modulations during childhood and adolescence.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2024Article
- Evaluation of Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction in Childhood Obesity and Prader-Willi Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Exhausted Heart Rate Responses to Repeated Psychological Stress in Women With Major Depressive Disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Effects of cocaine and/or heroin use on resting cardiovascular function.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2021Article
- Indexes of cardiac autonomic profile detected with short term Holter ECG in health care shift workers: a cross sectional study.La Medicina del lavoro · 2019Article
- Association between Work-Related Stress and QT Prolongation in Male Workers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- CrossTalk proposal: Heart rate variability is a valid measure of cardiac autonomic responsiveness.The Journal of physiology · 2019Article
- Individually Rate Corrected QTc Intervals in Children and Adolescents.Frontiers in physiology · 2019Article
- Multicenter Ozone Study in oldEr Subjects (MOSES): Part 1. Effects of Exposure to Low Concentrations of Ozone on Respiratory and Cardiovascular Outcomes.Research report (Health Effects Institute) · 2017Article
- Article
- [Long QT syndrome. History, genetics, clinical symptoms, causes and therapy].Der Anaesthesist · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The review summarises the present knowledge on the sex differences in cardiac autonomic regulations and in related aspects of electrocardiography with particular attention to myocardial repolarisation. Although some of the sex differences are far from fully established, multitude of observations show consistent differences between women and men. Despite more pronounced parasympathetic cardiac regulation, women have higher resting heart rate and lower baroreflex sensitivity. Of the electrocardiographic phenomena, women have longer QT interval duration, repolarisation sequence more synchronised with the inverse of the depolarisation sequence, and likely increased regional heterogeneity of myocardial repolarisation. Studies investigating the relationship of these sex disparities to hormonal differences led frequently to conflicting results. Although sex hormones seem to play a key role by influencing both autonomic tone and electrophysiological properties at the cellular level, neither the truly relevant hormones nor their detailed actions are known. Physiologic usefulness of the described sex differences is also unknown. The review suggests that new studies are needed to advance the understanding of the physiologic mechanisms responsible for these inequalities between women and men and provides key methodological suggestions that need to be followed in future research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.