ArticleCMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne2013
Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months.
Article in CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 450 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Impact of Human-derived Human Milk Fortifiers (H2MF) on Gut Microbiota Development and Oxidative Stress in Premature Infants
An Observational Study of Intestinal Flora in Infants
Who cites it
450 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Impact of mode of birth and perinatal antibiotics on infant gut microbiota and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Pooled it
- Maternal Prenatal Stress and the Offspring Gut Microbiome: A Cross-Species Systematic Review.Developmental psychobiology · 2025Pooled it
- Limited support for a direct connection between prebiotics and intestinal permeability - a systematic review.Glycoconjugate journal · 2024Pooled it
- Difference in the Intestinal Microbiota between Breastfeed Infants and Infants Fed with Artificial Milk: A Systematic Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Pooled it
- The Impact of Cesarean Section Delivery on Intestinal Microbiota: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Perspectives-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Cystic Fibrosis-Related Gut Dysbiosis: A Systematic Review.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Breastfeeding Affects Concentration of Faecal Short Chain Fatty Acids During the First Year of Life: Results of the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of Elective Cesarean Section on Children's Obesity From Birth to Adolescence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Pooled it
- Pediatrics Consequences of Caesarean Section-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Infant behavioral state and stool microbiome in infants receiving Lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus GG in formula: randomized controlled trial.BMC pediatrics · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiome composition associated with vitamin D supplementation in Taiwanese infants.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Factors Associated With the Microbiome in Moderate-Late Preterm Babies: A Cohort Study From the DIAMOND Randomized Controlled Trial.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Trial
- Examining the relationship between maternal body size, gestational glucose tolerance status, mode of delivery and ethnicity on human milk microbiota at three months post-partum.BMC microbiology · 2020Trial
- Human milk microbiome as a modulator of the early-life gut-brain axis: mechanisms and translational opportunities for neurodevelopment.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Maternal and infant gut microbiome.iMeta · 2026Review
- Cesarean section-induced changes in the gut microbiota facilitate metabolic disease in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.Microbiome · 2026Article
- Article
- RNA in Plasma Extracellular Vesicles of Adolescent Rhesus Macaques Reveals Immune, Bioenergetic, and Microbial Imprints of Early-Life Adversity: An Exploratory Analysis.Biological psychiatry · 2026Article
390 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe gut microbiota is essential to human health throughout life, yet the acquisition and development of this microbial community during infancy remains poorly understood. Meanwhile, there is increasing concern over rising rates of cesarean delivery and insufficient exclusive breastfeeding of infants in developed countries. In this article, we characterize the gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants and describe the influence of cesarean delivery and formula feeding.
methodsWe included a subset of 24 term infants from the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) birth cohort. Mode of delivery was obtained from medical records, and mothers were asked to report on infant diet and medication use. Fecal samples were collected at 4 months of age, and we characterized the microbiota composition using high-throughput DNA sequencing.
resultsWe observed high variability in the profiles of fecal microbiota among the infants. The profiles were generally dominated by Actinobacteria (mainly the genus Bifidobacterium) and Firmicutes (with diverse representation from numerous genera). Compared with breastfed infants, formula-fed infants had increased richness of species, with overrepresentation of Clostridium difficile. Escherichia-Shigella and Bacteroides species were underrepresented in infants born by cesarean delivery. Infants born by elective cesarean delivery had particularly low bacterial richness and diversity.
interpretationThese findings advance our understanding of the gut microbiota in healthy infants. They also provide new evidence for the effects of delivery mode and infant diet as determinants of this essential microbial community in early life.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.