ArticleAmerican journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)2013
Innate immunity in the vagina (part I): estradiol inhibits HBD2 and elafin secretion by human vaginal epithelial cells.
Article in American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989), 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Changes in concentrations of cervicovaginal immune mediators across the menstrual cycle: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data.BMC medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Comparison of sampling methods to measure HIV RNA viral load in female genital tract secretions.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2017Trial
- Beyond the Barrier: Epithelial Cells as Immune Sentinels in the Female Genital Tract.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Estrogen and bacterial infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Effects of Ellagic Acid on Vaginal Innate Immune Mediators and HPV16 Infection In Vitro.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Deciphering the role of female reproductive tract microbiome in reproductive health: a review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Effect of progestin-based contraceptives on HIV-associated vaginal immune biomarkers and microbiome in adolescent girls.PloS one · 2024Article
- The Interplay Between Cervicovaginal Microbial Dysbiosis and Cervicovaginal Immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- The impact of aging on innate and adaptive immunity in the human female genital tract.Aging cell · 2021Review
- Article
- Sex Hormones and Aging Modulate Interferon Lambda 1 Production and Signaling by Human Uterine Epithelial Cells and Fibroblasts.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Elafin inhibits obesity, hyperglycemia, and liver steatosis in high-fat diet-treated male mice.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Aberrant cervical innate immunity predicts onset of dysbiosis and sexually transmitted infections in women of reproductive age.PloS one · 2020Article
- Progress Toward a Gonococcal Vaccine: The Way Forward.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Estradiol-regulated innate antiviral responses of human endometrial stromal fibroblasts.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2018Article
- The relationship between sex hormones, the vaginal microbiome and immunity in HIV-1 susceptibility in women.Disease models & mechanisms · 2018Review
- Estrogen Action in the Epithelial Cells of the Mouse Vagina Regulates Neutrophil Infiltration and Vaginal Tissue Integrity.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- β-Defensins: Farming the Microbiome for Homeostasis and Health.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Immunomodulatory Effects of 17Journal of immunology research · 2018Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
problemVaginal epithelial cells (VEC) are the first line of defense against incoming pathogens in the female reproductive tract. Their ability to produce the anti-HIV molecules elafin and HBD2 under hormonal stimulation is unknown. METHOD OF STUDY: Vaginal epithelial cells were recovered using a menstrual cup and cultured overnight prior to treatment with estradiol (E₂), progesterone (P₄) or a panel of selective estrogen response modulators (SERMs). Conditioned media were recovered and analyzed for protein concentration and anti-HIV activity.
resultsE₂ significantly decreased the secretion of HBD2 and elafin by VEC over 48 hrs, while P4 and the SERMs (tamoxifen, PHTTP, ICI or Y134) had no effect. VEC conditioned media from E₂ -treated cells had no anti-HIV activity, while that from E₂ /P₄ -treated cells significantly inhibited HIV-BaL infection.
conclusionThe menstrual cup allows for effective recovery of primary VEC. Their production of HBD2 and elafin is sensitive to E₂, suggesting that innate immune protection varies in the vagina across the menstrual cycle.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.