Trial reportNature medicine2013
Randomized dose-finding clinical trial of oncolytic immunotherapeutic vaccinia JX-594 in liver cancer.
Trial report in Nature medicine, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 485 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Phase II-a, Open-Label, Randomized Study of JX-594 (Thymidine Kinase-deleted Vaccinia Virus Plus GM-CSF) Administered by Intratumoral Injection in Patients With Unresectable Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma
A Phase I/II Study of Pexa-Vec Oncolytic Virus in Combination With Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Refractory Colorectal Cancer
Who cites it
485 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Efficacy of oncolytic virus in the treatment of intermediate-to-advanced solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of virology · 2025Pooled it
- Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- A bibliometric review of oncolytic virus research as a novel approach for cancer therapy.Virology journal · 2021Pooled it
- Clinical Application of Oncolytic Viruses: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Pooled it
- Phase I/II study of PexaVec in combination with immune checkpoint inhibition in refractory metastatic colorectal cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Trial
- Oncolytic virus therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: A bibliometric analysis of research landscapes, hotspots, and clinical transformation trends from 2000 to mid-2025.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Beyond oncogenesis: the unexplored benefits of viruses in cancer immunity.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- Liver Transplantation Following Hepatocellular Carcinoma Rupture and Long-Term Immunotherapy: A Case Report.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2026Article
- The cGAS/STING pathway in cancer: translating innate DNA sensing into therapeutic potential.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Advances in oncolytic virus delivery strategies and challenges in clinical translation.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Overcoming Barriers to Clinical Translation: MG1 Maraba Virus as an Emerging Platform for Oncolytic Immunotherapy.Viruses · 2026Review
- Cracking the shield: oncolytic viruses versus the tumor-immune fortress.Cancer cell international · 2026Review
- Oncolytic viruses and cytokine-based gene therapies reprogram the tumor microenvironment.Nature cancer · 2026Review
- Review
- Oncolytic Virotherapy and Immunogenic Cell Death: Mechanisms, Platforms, and Clinical Translation.Viruses · 2026Review
- Intravenous oncolytic vaccinia expressing transgenes for enhanced safety, inhibition of shedding, imaging, and systemic cancer immunotherapy.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Enhancing antitumor immunity through oncolytic viruses: advances in genetic engineering.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: translating mechanistic insights into clinical advances.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- <p>Converting 'cold' to 'hot' hepatocellular carcinoma for improved immunotherapy (Review)</p>.Molecular medicine reports · 2026Review
- Tumor Vaccines in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Advances, Challenges, and the Path Toward Precision Immunotherapy.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2026Review
425 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
26 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses and active immunotherapeutics have complementary mechanisms of action (MOA) that are both self amplifying in tumors, yet the impact of dose on subject outcome is unclear. JX-594 (Pexa-Vec) is an oncolytic and immunotherapeutic vaccinia virus. To determine the optimal JX-594 dose in subjects with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we conducted a randomized phase 2 dose-finding trial (n=30). Radiologists infused low- or high-dose JX-594 into liver tumors (days 1, 15 and 29); infusions resulted in acute detectable intravascular JX-594 genomes. Objective intrahepatic Modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) (15%) and Choi (62%) response rates and intrahepatic disease control (50%) were equivalent in injected and distant noninjected tumors at both doses. JX-594 replication and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expression preceded the induction of anticancer immunity. In contrast to tumor response rate and immune endpoints, subject survival duration was significantly related to dose (median survival of 14.1 months compared to 6.7 months on the high and low dose, respectively; hazard ratio 0.39; P=0.020). JX-594 demonstrated oncolytic and immunotherapy MOA, tumor responses and dose-related survival in individuals with HCC.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.