ArticleImmunity2013
Virus-specific CD4(+) memory-phenotype T cells are abundant in unexposed adults.
Article in Immunity, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 291 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
291 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 428 citations in OpenAlex.
- In Vitro Monitoring of Human T Cell Responses to Skin Sensitizing Chemicals-A Systematic Review.Cells · 2021Pooled it
- Preexisting memory CD4+ T cells contribute to the primary response in an HIV-1 vaccine trial.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2021Trial
- Functional, Antigen-Specific Stem Cell Memory (TFrontiers in immunology · 2018Trial
- T cell immunomonitoring: a comparative analysis of traditional and novel methods to quantify and characterize human antigen-specific T cells.Nature protocols · 2026Review
- Highlight on Dr. Rhonda Voskuhl: a pioneer in the exploration of sex differences in the immune response.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Cross-reactive tissue-resident memory T lymphocytes-concepts, evidence, and open questions.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Why Is MS a More Frequent Complication of EBV Infection in Females?Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- The problem with one-size-fits-all medicine: Biological sex and the aging immune system.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Serial vaccination expands and refines human CD4bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Revisiting T cells: Innate actions and emerging links to innate memory response.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Review
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- Article
- The microbiome-metabolite-vaccine axis: context-dependent modulators of immunogenicity and durability.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota as a regulator of vaccine efficacy: implications for personalized vaccination.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Human CD4+ T cells recognize Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages amid broader responses.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Proviruses in CD4Science translational medicine · 2025Article
- Modulation of oral vaccine efficacy by the gut microbiota.NPJ vaccines · 2025Review
- Germinal center immune dynamics: challenges for effective vaccination in the elderly.Immunotherapy · 2025Review
- Effect of prevaccination blood and T-cell phenotypes on antibody responses to a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine.International immunology · 2025Article
- Bidirectional Communication Between the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems.Annual review of immunology · 2025Review
231 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although T cell memory is generally thought to require direct antigen exposure, we found an abundance of memory-phenotype cells (20%-90%, averaging over 50%) of CD4(+) T cells specific to viral antigens in adults who had never been infected. These cells express the appropriate memory markers and genes, rapidly produce cytokines, and have clonally expanded. In contrast, the same T cell receptor (TCR) specificities in newborns are almost entirely naïve, which might explain the vulnerability of young children to infections. One mechanism for this phenomenon is TCR cross-reactivity to environmental antigens, and in support of this, we found extensive cross-recognition by HIV-1 and influenza-reactive T lymphocytes to other microbial peptides and expansion of one of these after influenza vaccination. Thus, the presence of these memory-phenotype T cells has significant implications for immunity to novel pathogens, child and adult health, and the influence of pathogen-rich versus hygienic environments.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.