ArticleJAMA ophthalmology2013
Progression of ocular melanoma metastasis to the liver: the 2012 Zimmerman lecture.
Article in JAMA ophthalmology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- S100A6 promotes liver metastasis by activating FGFR3 signaling in BAP1-deficient uveal melanoma.Oncogene · 2026Article
- Immunoembolization in liver-predominant metastatic uveal melanoma: a single-center retrospective analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Outcomes Following Treatment with Notched Proton Beams for Peripapillary Choroidal Melanomas.Cancers · 2025Article
- Functions and clinical implications of the liver microenvironment in hepatic uveal melanoma metastases.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2025Review
- Management of liver metastases from uveal melanoma.The British journal of surgery · 2025Review
- The role of calcium signaling in organotropic metastasis of cancer.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2025Review
- From Molecular Biology to Novel Immunotherapies and Nanomedicine in Uveal Melanoma.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2024Review
- Multiorgan Involvement of Dormant Uveal Melanoma Micrometastases in Postmortem Tissue From Patients Without Coexisting Macrometastases.American journal of clinical pathology · 2023Article
- Patient-derived zebrafish xenografts of uveal melanoma reveal ferroptosis as a drug target.Cell death discovery · 2023Article
- Acousto-Optics: Recent Studies and Medical Applications.Biosensors · 2023Review
- Article
- Role of Fibroblast Growth Factors in the Crosstalk of Hepatic Stellate Cells and Uveal Melanoma Cells in the Liver Metastatic Niche.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Characterizing metastatic uveal melanoma patients who develop symptomatic brain metastases.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
- Radiological Patterns of Uveal Melanoma Liver Metastases in Correlation to Genetic Status.Cancers · 2021Article
- Breast cancer liver metastasis: current and future treatment approaches.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2021Review
- CRISPR activation screen in mice identifies novel membrane proteins enhancing pulmonary metastatic colonisation.Communications biology · 2021Article
- Role of Natural Killer Cells in Uveal Melanoma.Cancers · 2020Review
- Molecular Insights and Emerging Strategies for Treatment of Metastatic Uveal Melanoma.Cancers · 2020Review
- Chemokine receptor 4 targeted protein MRI contrast agent for early detection of liver metastases.Science advances · 2020Article
- Identification of differentially expressed metastatic genes and their signatures to predict the overall survival of uveal melanoma patients by bioinformatics analysis.International journal of ophthalmology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
importanceTo the best of my knowledge, this study demonstrates for the first time small, apparently dormant micrometastasis in the liver of patients with uveal melanoma.
objectiveTo evaluate the histological and immunohistochemical findings in metastatic uveal melanoma to the liver.
designSamples of liver were obtained at autopsy from patients who died of metastatic uveal melanoma to the liver.
settingL. F. Montgomery Laboratory, Emory Eye Center, Atlanta, Georgia.
participantsA total of 10 patients who died of metastatic uveal melanoma to the liver.
interventionSections of the liver were examined with hematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, Masson trichrome, or reticulin stains.
main outcome measuresThe tumors' morphology, growth pattern, mean vascular density, and mitotic index were determined with the aid of immunohistochemical stains for S100, HMB45, CD31, and Ki67.
resultsStage 1 metastases (defined as tumor clusters ≤50 μm in diameter) were identified in the sinusoidal spaces of 9 of 10 patients (90%). Stage 1 metastases were avascular and lacked mitotic activity. Stage 2 metastases (defined as tumors measuring 51-500 μm in diameter) and stage 3 metastases (defined as tumors measuring >500 μm in diameter) were found in all patients. Immunohistochemical stains were positive for S100 or HMB45 in all tumors. Overall, stage 1 metastases outnumbered stage 2 metastases (which outnumbered stage 3 metastases). The mean vascular density and mitotic index increased from stage 2 to stage 3 metastases (P < .05). The architecture of stage 2 metastases mimicked the surrounding hepatic parenchyma, whereas stage 3 metastases exhibited either lobular or portal growth patterns.
conclusionsUveal melanoma that spreads to the liver can be categorized as stage 1 (≤50 μm in diameter), stage 2 (51-500 μm in diameter), or stage 3 (>500 μm in diameter) metastases. The later stage exhibits a lobular or portal pattern of growth. During this progression, tumors become vascularized and mitotically active.
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