ArticleAmerican journal of neurodegenerative disease2012
Interactions between oestrogen and the renin angiotensin system - potential mechanisms for gender differences in Alzheimer's disease.
Article in American journal of neurodegenerative disease, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Blood-Brain Barrier Crossing Renin-Angiotensin Drugs and Cognition in the Elderly: A Meta-Analysis.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2021Pooled it
- Current evidence on the use of anti-RAAS agents in congenital or acquired solitary kidney.Renal failure · 2017Pooled it
- Angiotensin II-stimulating versus inhibiting antihypertensives and risk of dementia: a nested case-control study using Australian general practice data.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A Cross-Sectional Study of Sex-Specific Associations of Renin and Electrolytes on the Development of Hypertension.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Use of Angiotensin II Receptor Type 2/4 Stimulatory Vs. Inhibitory Antihypertensive Among Hypertensive Adults in the USA.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Acute Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade Facilitates Parahippocampal Processing During Memory Encoding in High-Trait-Anxious Individuals.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2024Article
- Article
- Age-related reduction in brain ACE-2 is not exacerbated by Alzheimer's disease pathology in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.Aging brain · 2023Article
- Neuroprotective effect of angiotensin II receptor blockers on the risk of incident Alzheimer's disease: A nationwide population-based cohort study.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Article
- Losartan Mitigates Oxidative Stress in the Brains of Aged and Inflamed IL-10-/- Mice.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2022Article
- Effects of Acupuncture on Lowering Blood Pressure in Postmenopausal Women with Prehypertension or Stage 1 Hypertension: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Aging- and gender-related modulation of RAAS: potential implications in COVID-19 disease.Vascular biology (Bristol, England) · 2021Review
- The counter regulatory axis of the renin angiotensin system in the brain and ischaemic stroke: Insight from preclinical stroke studies and therapeutic potential.Cellular signalling · 2020Review
- Perindopril ameliorates experimental Alzheimer's disease progression: role of amyloid β degradation, central estrogen receptor and hyperlipidemic-lipid raft signaling.Inflammopharmacology · 2020Article
- Association between anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 and executive function in African American women at risk for Alzheimer's disease.Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology · 2020Article
- The Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor Antagonist Losartan Prevents Ovariectomy-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Long Evans Rats.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2020Article
- Sex-specific relationship of cardiometabolic syndrome with lower cortical thickness.Neurology · 2019Article
- Estradiol modulation of the renin-angiotensin system and the regulation of fear extinction.Translational psychiatry · 2019Article
- Sex and Gender Driven Modifiers of Alzheimer's: The Role for Estrogenic Control Across Age, Race, Medical, and Lifestyle Risks.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2019Review
- Effects of acupuncture in postmenopausal women with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension: study protocol for a prospective, comparative, interventional cohort study.Integrative medicine research · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Interactions between oestrogen and the renin angiotensin system (RAS) are reviewed and explored from the perspective where these interactions may modulate risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is more prevalent in women than men, partly attributed to women's increased life expectancy; however underlying vascular differences may also contribute to AD risk. The RAS is a key regulator of blood pressure (BP). Pharmacological inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and blockade of angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1R) are widely used to treat hypertension. Variation in components of the RAS such as ACE, neprilysin (NEP) and AT1R have been reported in AD, some of which may also directly alter AD neuropathology with changes in amyloid beta (Aβ) levels, cognitive decline and neuroinflammation. Recently, RAS inhibiting drugs have been shown to attenuate the incidence, progression and pathology of AD. Oestrogen is also thought to prevent hypertension by reducing the vasoconstrictive actions of the RAS. Reduced oestrogen levels in women during the menopausal transition may therefore increase their risk of hypertension and/or RAS-mediated changes to cerebrovascular or AD pathology. Specifically, oestrogen prevents the production and action of angiotensin II (Ang II), thought to exert harmful effects of the RAS in both hypertension and AD, while also potentially facilitating RAS-mediated Aβ degradation. These oestrogen-RAS interactions may partly explain current conflicting findings regarding oestrogen depletion and hormone therapy with respect to AD risk. Clinical trials targeting either the RAS or oestrogen systems for AD prevention and treatment should perhaps give closer attention to key biochemical components of these pathways as potential confounders to primary and secondary outcome measures.
Indexed as
Identifiers
23383397PMC3560469W2166055952What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.