ArticlePloS one2013
Cryptococcus gattii induces a cytokine pattern that is distinct from other cryptococcal species.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed.
- ReportedFEMS microbes · 2026Article
- The emerging fungal pathogen Cryptococcus gattii: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunomodulatory attributes, and drug susceptibility.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Review
- Ex Vivo Host Transcriptomics During Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gattii, and Candida albicans Infection of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells From South African Volunteers.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Adjuvant ArtinM favored the host immunity againstImmunotherapy · 2024Article
- Kicking sleepers out of bed: Macrophages promote reactivation of dormant Cryptococcus neoformans by extracellular vesicle release and non-lytic exocytosis.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Article
- The Cryptococcus gattii species complex: Unique pathogenic yeasts with understudied virulence mechanisms.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Review
- Pulmonary Fibrosis and Hypereosinophilia in TLR9Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Review
- X-linked immunodeficient (XID) mice exhibit high susceptibility to Cryptococcus gattii infection.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Review
- It's all in your head: antifungal immunity in the brain.Current opinion in microbiology · 2020Review
- Article
- Article
- Disseminated cryptococcosis in a HIV-negative patient: Case report of a newly diagnosed hypertensive adult presenting with hemiparesis.Medical mycology case reports · 2018Article
- DifferentialInfection and immunity · 2018Article
- The status of cryptococcosis in Latin America.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2018Review
- Adaptive Immunity toJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2017Article
- Cryptococcal meningitis: epidemiology, immunology, diagnosis and therapy.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2017Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Understanding more about the host's immune response to different Cryptococcus spp. will provide additional insight into the pathogenesis of cryptocococcis. We hypothesized that the ability of C. gattii to cause disease in immunocompetent humans depends on a distinct innate cytokine response of the host to this emerging pathogen. In the current study we assessed the cytokine profile of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy individuals, after in vitro stimulation with 40 different well-defined heat-killed isolates of C. gattii, C. neoformans and several hybrid strains. In addition, we investigated the involvement of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 in the pro-inflammatory cytokine response to C. gattii. Isolates of C. gattii induced higher concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 and the Th17/22 cytokine IL-17 and IL-22 compared to C. neoformans var neoformans and C. neoformans var grubii. In addition, clinical C. gattii isolates induced higher amounts of cytokines than environmental isolates. This difference was not observed in C. neoformans var. grubii isolates. Furthermore, we demonstrated a likely contribution of TLR4 and TLR9, but no role for TLR2, in the host's cytokine response to C. gattii. In conclusion, clinical heat-killed C. gattii isolates induced a more pronounced inflammatory response compared to other Cryptococcus species and non-clinical C. gattii. This is dependent on TLR4 and TLR9 as cellular receptors.
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