ArticlePloS one2013
Differential general anesthetic effects on microglial cytokine expression.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- Perioperative changes in neurocognitive and Alzheimer's disease-related cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in older patients randomised to isoflurane or propofol for anaesthetic maintenance.British journal of anaesthesia · 2023Trial
- The Effect of Propofol Versus Isoflurane Anesthesia on Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Markers of Alzheimer's Disease: Results of a Randomized Trial.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2016Trial
- Effect of propofol and sevoflurane on the inflammatory response of patients undergoing craniotomy.BMC anesthesiology · 2016Trial
- Frequency of hyperlactatemia in craniotomy and its association with anesthesia: A prospective observational study.Medicine · 2026Observational
- From neurotoxicity to neuroprotection: Rethinking GABACell biology and toxicology · 2025Review
- The cryo-EM structure and physical basis for anesthetic inhibition of the THIK1 K2P channel.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Anesthetics and Postoperative Delirium in Elderly after Elective Surgery: A Retrospective Comparison between Sevoflurane and Propofol.Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · 2025Article
- Microglia in the aged brain develop a hypoactive molecular phenotype after surgery.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Dexmedetomidine directly binds to and inhibits Toll-like receptor 4.International immunopharmacology · 2024Article
- Tryptophan-rich diet and its effects on Htr7Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Propofol total intravenous anesthesia vs. sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia: Effects on post‑operative cognitive dysfunction and inflammation in geriatric patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2024Article
- Comparison of Propofol and Sevoflurane Anaesthesia in Terms of Postoperative Nausea-Vomiting Complication in Cardiac Surgery Patients Undergoing Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocol: A Prospective Randomized Study.Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation · 2024Article
- Association Between Anesthetics and Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients Undergoing Spine Surgery: Propofol Versus Sevoflurane.Global spine journal · 2024Article
- Potential increased propofol sensitivity in cognitively impaired elderly: a controlled, double-blind study.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2024Article
- Sophoricoside attenuates neuronal injury and altered cognitive function by regulating the LTR-4/NF-κB/PI3K signalling pathway in anaesthetic-exposed neonatal rats.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2024Article
- Intergenerational Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorder.Biology · 2023Review
- Neuroinflammation and status epilepticus: a narrative review unraveling a complex interplay.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Review
- Postconditioning with Sevoflurane or Propofol Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation but Exerts Dissimilar Effects on the NR2B Subunit and Cognition.Molecular neurobiology · 2021Article
- Mechanisms of the Rapid Effects of Ketamine on Depression and Sleep Disturbances: A Narrative Review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
- Clemastine Ameliorates Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorder in Aged Mice Caused by Anesthesia and Surgery.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Post-operative cognitive dysfunction has been widely observed, especially in older patients. An association of post-operative cognitive dysfunction with the neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, has been suggested. Neuroinflammation contributes to Alzheimer pathology, through elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation in the CNS leading to neuronal damage, synaptic disruption and ultimately cognitive dysfunction. We compare the effects of three different, clinically-used, anesthetics on microglial activation with, and without, the prototypical inflammatory trigger, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Microglial BV-2 cell cultures were first exposed to isoflurane, sevoflurane (each at 2 concentrations) or propofol for 6 h, and cytokine levels measured in lysates and media. The same experiments were repeated after 1 h LPS pre-treatment. We found; 1) anesthetics alone have either no or only a small effect on cytokine expression; 2) LPS provoked a large increase in microglia cytokine expression; 3) the inhaled anesthetics either had no effect on LPS-evoked responses or enhanced it; 4) propofol nearly eliminated the LPS pro-inflammatory cytokine response and improved cell survival as reflected by lactate dehydrogenase release. These data suggest that propofol may be a preferred anesthetic when it is desirable to minimize neuroinflammation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.